The Inherent Power in Mapping Ownership

A Review of The Cadastral Map in the Service of the State: A History of Property Mapping by Roger J.P. Kain and Elizabeth Baigen

The endothelial glycocalyx prefers albumin for evoking shear stress-induced, nitric oxide-mediated coronary dilatation

Background: Shear stress induces coronary dilatation via production of nitric oxide ( NO). This should involve the endothelial glycocalyx ( EG). A greater effect was expected of albumin versus hydroxyethyl starch ( HES) perfusion, because albumin seals coronary leaks more effectively than HES in an EG-dependent way. Methods: Isolated hearts ( guinea pigs) were perfused at constant pressure with Krebs-Henseleit buffer augmented with 1/3 volume 5% human albumin or 6% HES ( 200/0.5 or 450/0.7). Coronary flow was also determined after EG digestion ( heparinase) and with nitro-L-arginine ( NO-L-Ag). Results: Coronary flow ( 9.50 +/- 1.09, 5.10 +/- 0.49, 4.87 +/- 1.19 and 4.15 +/- 0.09 ml/ min/ g for `albumin', `HES 200', `HES 450' and `control', respectively, n = 5-6) did not correlate with perfusate viscosity ( 0.83, 1.02, 1.24 and 0.77 cP, respectively). NO-L-Ag and heparinase diminished dilatation by albumin, but not additively. Alone NO-L-Ag suppressed coronary flow during infusion of HES 450. Electron microscopy revealed a coronary EG of 300 nm, reduced to 20 nm after heparinase. Cultured endothelial cells possessed an EG of 20 nm to begin with. Conclusions: Albumin induces greater endothelial shear stress than HES, despite lower viscosity, provided the EG contains negative groups. HES 450 causes some NO-mediated dilatation via even a rudimentary EG. Cultured endothelial cells express only a rudimentary glycocalyx, limiting their usefulness as a model system. Copyright (c) 2007 S. Karger AG, Basel

The recent intellectual structure of geography

An active learning project in an introductory graduate course used multidimensional scaling of the name index in Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century, by Gary Gaile and Cort Willmott, to reveal some features of the discipline\u27s recent intellectual structure relevant to the relationship between human and physical geography. Previous analyses, dating to the 1980s, used citation indices or Association of American Geographers spe- cialty-group rosters to conclude that either the regional or the methods and environmental subdisciplines bridge human and physical geography. The name index has advantages over those databases, and its analysis reveals that the minimal connectivity that occurs between human and physical geography has recently operated more through environmental than through either methods or regional subdisciplines

The Morphology of Nineteenth-Century Cities in the United States

Prise dans le contexte de la variété traditionnelle de l’urbanisme occidental, la ville américaine est considérée comme une création partiellement autonome; l’accent est mis dans cet exposé sur le développement des formes physiques au cours de la période cruciale du XIXe siècle. Neuf caractéristiques morphologiques spécifiques — faible densité, quartiers excentriques aux limites imprécises, brève existence des constructions, etc. — reçoivent une attention particulière. Cinq grands thèmes, qui vont de la nature de l’environnement américain à la valeur culturelle attribuée à la terre et au rôle de l’État, sont proposés comme explications possibles des caractères physiques de la ville américaine. Vient ensuite une revue des conceptions et des constatations de nature générale sur les trois éléments fondamentaux de l’organisation urbaine aux États-Unis : l’écologie de l’utilisation du sol, l’histoire de l’espace construit et les plans cadastraux. L’essai se termine par une étude plus détaillée des tendances existantes dans cette dernière catégorie, compte tenu du manque de conceptions claires à cet égard. Dans les transformations générales qui se sont produites et à l’aide d’exemples typiques de plans urbains, simples ou complexes, de villes américaines au XIXe siècle, on distingue les phases coloniales, les fondations de nouvelles villes et les concentrations et transformations qui ont porté à la fois sur les quartiers excentriques et les noyaux urbains à forte densité. Enfin, l’auteur présente une division préliminaire du siècle en trois périodes de développement structural afin de susciter la poursuite des études dans le cadre d’analyse envisagé.Set within the context of varying traditions of Western urbanism, the U.S. city is considered as a partially autonomous creation, and emphasis is placed on the development of its physical forms during the crucial period of the nineteenth century. Nine distinguishing morphological characteristics such as low density, indistinct urban fringes, and short life of buildings are given special stress. Five broad themes, ranging from the nature of the American environment to the cultural value of land and government, are suggested as possible explanations of American physical urban traits. This is followed by a review of concepts and general findings regarding the three basic components of American urban form: land use ecology, history of building fabric, and cadastral patterns. The essay closes with a more detailed analysis of trends in the last category, given the dearth of conceptual clarity concerning this component. General changes in and representative examples of simple and complex urban ground plans of U.S. cities in the nineteenth century include colonial antecedents, new town foundations, and mature town accretions and modifications both on urban fringes and within densely-built urban cores. Finally, a preliminary division of the century into three morphogenetic periods is offered with a view to stimulating further development of the suggested framework

The Inherent Power in Mapping Ownership

A Review of The Cadastral Map in the Service of the State: A History of Property Mapping by Roger J.P. Kain and Elizabeth Baigen

L'héritage morphologique de l'urbanisme français aux États-Unis

ABSTRACT French colonial town planning in North America seems today remote and vestigial, but it lingers in several important cities. The study of Detroit, New Orleans, Vincennes, and St. Louis throw a light on the early development decisions that their French builders made, greatly influenced by the poor colonial conditions and the local geographical situation ; neither 'grand plans', nor ronds points and diagonal boulevards are to be found, but a more or less ambitious grid enhancing the grand place. Although large-scale accidents and bulldozer planning have swept away most of the French legacy in the dynamic business cores of Detroit and St. Louis, these plans have provided the pattern of their later surburban growth and survive in central New Orleans and Vincennes.RÉSUMÉ L'urbanisme français en Amérique du Nord semble aujourd'hui bien lointain, réduit à quelques traces, mais il subsiste dans plusieurs grandes villes. L'étude de Détroit, La Nouvelle- Orléans, Vincennes et Saint- Louis montre les logiques de leurs bâtisseurs, influencées par la faiblesse de la colonisation française et les conditions géographiques locales ; on ne trouve ainsi pas de "plan grandiose", ni de ronds-points ou boulevards en diagonale, mais un damier plus ou moins ambitieux mettant en valeur la place principale. Bien que l'héritage français ait souvent été presqu'entièrement balayé par de puissants bouleversements et par une rénovation au bulldozer dans les centres des affaires dynamiques de Détroit et Saint-Louis, ces plans ont fourni le substratum de leur croissance périphérique ultérieure et survivent au centre de La Nouvelle - Orléans et de Vincennes, par exemple.Conzen Michael P. L'héritage morphologique de l'urbanisme français aux États-Unis. In: Géocarrefour, vol. 77, n°2, 2002. pp. 161-173

The making of the American landscape

xvi,433hlm.;bib.;ill.;indek