漱石と魯迅の比較研究の試み-『坊つちやん』と『阿Q正伝』の接点を中心に

<p>The estimated global distribution of Zika (red) and dengue (blue) based on current (a, b) and 2050 climate projections (c, d), compared against the current (light grey) and future distribution (dark grey) of all three mosquito vectors <i>Aedes aegypti</i>, <i>Ae</i>. <i>africanus</i> and <i>Ae</i>. <i>albopictus</i> (a-d).</p

The global distribution of case reports of Zika virus (1947 to February 2016) broken down by country (yellow shading) and an ensemble niche model built from occurrence data (red shading).

<p>Our model correspond well to shaded countries, with only minor discrepancies (Paraguay, the Central African Republic; a single case in Egypt in the 1950s), We emphasize that displaying cases at country resolution overstates the distribution of the virus, especially in the Americas (for example, Alaska, a point of significant concern given Messina <i>et al</i>.’s presentation of their niche model in terms of “highly suitable” countries with broad geographic expanse like the United States, China, and Argentina.</p

An updated ecological niche model incorporating aggregated global data, with Messina <i>et al</i>.’s full dataset (red) and ours (blue) against the updated weighted ensemble model.

<p>An updated ecological niche model incorporating aggregated global data, with Messina <i>et al</i>.’s full dataset (red) and ours (blue) against the updated weighted ensemble model.</p

Figure S1. A Hutchinsonian biotope approach to a hypothetical host-parasite association. from Parasite vulnerability to climate change: an evidence-based functional trait approach

Despite the number of virulent pathogens that are projected to benefit from global change and to spread in the next century, we suggest that a combination of coextinction risk and climate sensitivity could make parasites at least as extinction prone as any other trophic group. However, the existing interdisciplinary toolbox for identifying species threatened by climate change is inadequate or inappropriate when considering parasites as conservation targets. A functional trait approach can be used to connect parasites' ecological role to their risk of disappearance, but this is complicated by the taxonomic and functional diversity of many parasite clades. Here, we propose biological traits that may render parasite species particularly vulnerable to extinction (including high host specificity, complex life cycles and narrow climatic tolerance), and identify critical gaps in our knowledge of parasite biology and ecology. By doing so, we provide criteria to identify vulnerable parasite species and triage parasite conservation efforts