Impacts of extreme 2013–2014 winter conditions on Lake Michigan's fall heat content, surface temperature, and evaporation

Since the late 1990s, the Laurentian Great Lakes have experienced persistent low water levels and above average over‐lake evaporation rates. During the winter of 2013–2014, the lakes endured the most persistent, lowest temperatures and highest ice cover in recent history, fostering speculation that over‐lake evaporation rates might decrease and that water levels might rise. To address this speculation, we examined interseasonal relationships in Lake Michigan's thermal regime. We find pronounced relationships between winter conditions and subsequent fall heat content, modest relationships with fall surface temperature, but essentially no correlation with fall evaporation rates. Our findings suggest that the extreme winter conditions of 2013–2014 may have induced a shift in Lake Michigan's thermal regime and that this shift coincides with a recent (and ongoing) rise in Great Lakes water levels. If the shift persists, it could (assuming precipitation rates remain relatively constant) represent a return to thermal and hydrologic conditions not observed on Lake Michigan in over 15 years.Key PointsLake Michigan has been in an altered thermal regime since the late 1990sThe 2013–2014 winter may return Lake Michigan to pre‐1998 thermal conditionsHydrological impacts of the 2013–2014 cold winter remain unclearPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/112001/1/grl52850.pd

United States Bureau of Mines Bulletin 673

From Abstract: "This bulletin summarizes the results of Bureau of Mines research on the development of the inductoslag melting process.

Laboratory-scale casting furnace for high-melting-point metals /

Includes bibliographic references.Mode of access: Internet

Ti-6A1-4V alloy castings prepared in zircon sand molds and the effect of hot isostatic pressing /

Bibliography: p. 16.Mode of access: Internet

United States Bureau of Mines Bulletin 646

Report issued by the Bureau of Mines discussing the cold-mold arc-melting technology and techniques. As stated in the introduction, "the objectives of this book are twofold: To accumulate and update Bureau of Mines contributions to cold-mold arc melting and casting, and, by addition of pertinent chapters, to provide production melters and researchers with the best possible view of the overall technique" (p. 1). This report includes tables, illustrations, and photographs