Making Rules: An Introduction

A Review of Rulemaking: How Government Agencies Write Law and Make Policy by Cornelius M. Kerwi

American Reeducation of German POWs, 1943-1946.

The United States held almost 500,000 enemy combatants within her borders during World War II. Out of those 500,000 men, 380,000 were from Nazi Germany. Nazi POWs were confined to camps built near small rural towns in almost every state. It was not something that was well known to the American public. Even less known was the American Military\u27s effort, through reeducation, to introduce Hitler\u27s soldiers to a new political ideology-democracy. This thesis will explore how the reeducation program was formed; examine the people, both German and American, who participated in it, and make a determination on whether or not it was successful. While Special Projects did not completely win over the majority of the German POWs, it was my finding that for the Americans to have done nothing when faced with such a situation would have been foolish

Characterising two newly identified Arabidopsis thaliana SUMO proteases

As food production efforts are under escalating threat particularly with abiotic and biotic stresses depleting crop yield, there is an increasing need to understand and manipulate the plant stress signalling pathways to generate stress-resilient crops. Recently, the post-translational modification (PTM) system, Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO), has been shown to regulate a wide spectrum of plant adaptation processes. The research in this thesis explores our current knowledge of the SUMO pathway and investigates the SUMO proteases regulating deSUMOylation. Two proteases from a newly discovered class of SUMO proteases, deSUMOylating Isopeptidases (DeSis), in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) were extensively investigated in this study. The At4g25660 (AT60) and At4g25680 (AT80) DeSi proteases, displayed similar characteristics to one another and were both found to localise outside the nucleus towards the plasma membrane. An in vitro deSUMOylation assay displayed signs of the SUMO protease activity of the AT60 protease. Although functional redundancy was speculated between the two DeSi proteases, findings suggested unequal redundancy was more likely with AT80 being more important. Double knockout (KO) AT60-AT80 mutants using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system and single AT60 and AT80 overexpressing transgenics were generated and subjected to stress-response assays. AT60-AT80KO mutants were hypersensitive to the presence of the stress modulator phytohormone, abscisic acid (ABA), and the pathogen response elicitor, flg22. Overexpressing lines displayed either no difference or increased tolerance to the stress elicitors relative to wild-type (WT) plants. The findings provided evidence that the AT60 DeSi protease was implicated in negatively regulating ABA signalling and plant immune responses. The AT80 protease was found to play a regulatory role in ABA and immune signalling responses, as well as showing potential implications in pathogen-induced guard cell responses. This study provides evidence the two DeSi proteases play a significant role in regulating the stress-induced growth and defence responses in Arabidopsis

S.A.F.F.E.R. airway management: Evaluating the effectiveness of checklist implementation on reducing peri-intubation complications in an air medical transport service

Background: Advanced airway management via endotracheal tube placement in the critically ill and injured is tenuous and presents a multitude of challenges that threaten patient safety. The potential for procedure-associated hypoxia, hypotension, and cardiac arrest during the peri-intubation period can be detrimental to overall patient outcomes. Purpose: The purpose of this project is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Standardized Airway Flow For Engineered Resuscitation (S.A.F.F.E.R.) checklist in reducing peri-intubation complications and provider perception of checklist implementation when performing advanced airway procedures. Methods: A case-control analytical observational design study which included retrospective and prospective electronic medical record review to determine if the incidence of peri- intubation complications decreased following checklist implementation and a qualitative survey of providers to determine perceptions regarding checklist usage. Results: This study identified no statistically significant decrease in peri-intubation complication following the implementation of the S.A.F.F.E.R. Airway Checklist. Provider perceptions toward checklist usage were overall positive; however, no strong themes regarding checklist usage were identified. Conclusion: While no statistically significant results were derived from the study, this study provides foundational data to support additional research by identifying surface level outcome variables and the resulting limitations when attempting to determine effectiveness of a checklist

The Majoritarian Difficulty

This article is excerpted and adapted with permission from The Majoritarian Difficulty: Elective Judiciaries and the Rule of Law (University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 62 No. 2, 1995). All references have been omitted. Readers who wish to obtain a copy of the original should contact the LQN editor. Legal academicians are typically preoccupied with the work product of judges appointed for life. While the preoccupation may be understandable, it clouds a fact that may be surprising: A majority of all cases in the United States are decided by judges whose continued tenure is contingent upon elections. This fact is attributable to another: Most judgeships in the United States are elective offices. More than surprising, these two facts are curious, even anomalous, for judges are elected on a similar scale in no other consitutional democracy in the world