Decomposing wage inequality: Public and private sectors in Vietnam 1993-2006

This paper studies the labor market in Vietnam during the transition towards market economy (1993-2006): we show that the public-private sector wage gap markedly increased, but that wage inequality decreased overall. Our aim is to assess how much of this evolution can be explained by workers' productive skills and their allocation between sectors. We use a simple, yet innovative, method that allows us to take into account workers' unobservable characteristics and their remuneration in each sector. Throughout the period we consider, public sector workers are more skilled than private sector workers. However, rising returns to workers' skills in the public sector play a major role in the increase of the public-private sector gap. Against all expectations, the public sector grew richer as Vietnam moved towards market economy. Finally, a greater homogeneity among labor market participants seems to explain the overall decline in wage inequality.transition ; inequality decomposition ; public sector

Costs and benefits of rural-urban migration : evidence from India

This paper provides new evidence on rural-urban migration decisions in developing countries. Using original survey data from rural India, we show that seasonal migrants prefer to earn 35 percent less on local public works rather than incur the cost of migrating. Structural estimates suggest that the fixed cost of migration is small, and can be entirely explained by travel costs and income risk. In contrast, the flow cost of migration is high. We argue that higher living costs in the city explain only a small part of the flow cost of migration and that most of it is non-monetary

The Schauder estimate in kinetic theory with application to a toy nonlinear model

This article is concerned with the Schauder estimate for linear kinetic Fokker-Planck equations with H\"older continuous coefficients. This equation has an hypoelliptic structure. As an application of this Schauder estimate, we prove the global well-posedness of a toy nonlinear model in kinetic theory. This nonlinear model consists in a non-linear kinetic Fokker-Planck equation whose steady states are Maxwellian and whose diffusion in the velocity variable is proportional to the mass of the solution

Decomposing wage inequality: Public and private sectors in Vietnam 1993-2006

This paper studies the labor market in Vietnam during the transition towards market economy (1993-2006): we show that the public-private sector wage gap markedly increased, but that wage inequality decreased overall. Our aim is to assess how much of this evolution can be explained by workers' productive skills and their allocation between sectors. We use a simple, yet innovative, method that allows us to take into account workers' unobservable characteristics and their remuneration in each sector. Throughout the period we consider, public sector workers are more skilled than private sector workers. However, rising returns to workers' skills in the public sector play a major role in the increase of the public-private sector gap. Against all expectations, the public sector grew richer as Vietnam moved towards market economy. Finally, a greater homogeneity among labor market participants seems to explain the overall decline in wage inequality.Cet article étudie la transformation du marché du travail au Vietnam pendant la transition vers l'économie de marché (1993-2006). Nous mettons en évidence une hausse sensible de l'écart entre salaires du public et salaires du privé, mais une baisse des inégalités de salaire dans leur ensemble. Le but de cet article est d'évaluer quel rôle ont joué dans cette évolution la qualification des travailleurs et leur allocation entre les secteurs. Tout au long de la période considérée, les employés du secteur public sont plus qualifiés que les employés du privé. Cependant, c'est l'augmentation des rendements de ces qualifications qui explique en grande partie l'augmentation de l'écart entre public et privé. Contre toute attente, le secteur public s'est enrichi alors que le Vietnam s'orientait vers l'économie de marché. Enfin, il semble qu'une plus grande homogénéité des actifs sur le marché du travail explique la diminution globale des inégalités de salaire

Launcher attitude control: some additional design and optimization tools

This paper deals with the launcher attitude control during atmospheric flight. A two step approach combining an H1 control design and an optimization procedure is proposed. The first step is multi-objective stationary H1 design based on the Cross Standard Form. It provides easily a first rough solution from a few physical tuning parameters. The second step is a fine tuning using an multi-constraint satisfaction algorithm. This algorithm enables the certification criteria computed on the validation model to be met and is also used to propagate the nominal tuning to the full flight envelope

Equilibrium Distributional Impacts of Government. Employment Programs: Evidence from India's Employment Guarantee

This paper presents evidence on the equilibrium labor market impacts of a large rural workfare program in India. We use the gradual roll out of the program to estimate changes in districts that received the program earlier relative to those that received it later. Our estimates reveal that following the introduction of the program, public employment increased by .3 days per prime-aged person per month (1.3% of private sector employment) more in early districts than in the rest of India. Casual wages increased by 4.5%, and private sector work for low-skill workers fell by 1.6%. These effects are concentrated in the dry season, during which the majority of public works employment is provided. Our results suggest that public sector hiring crowds out private sector work and increases private sector wages. We use these estimates to compute the implied welfare gains of the program by consumption quintile. Our calculations show that the welfare gains to the poor from the equilibrium increase in private sector wages are large in absolute terms and large relative to the gains received solely by program participants. We conclude that the equilibrium labor market impacts are a first order concern when comparing workfare programs with other anti-poverty programs such as a cash transfer

Short-term migration rural workfare programs and urban labor markets - evidence from India

This paper provides some of the first evidence that rural development policies can have fundamental effects on the reallocation of labor between rural and urban areas. It studies the spillover effects of the world's largest rural workfare program, India's rural employment guarantee. We find that the workfare program has substantial consequences: it reduces short-term (or seasonal) migration to urban areas by 9% and increases wages for manual, short-term work in urban areas by 6%. The implied elasticity of unskilled wages with respect to short-term migration is high (-0.7)

Decay estimates for large velocities in the Boltzmann equation without cutoff

We consider solutions $f=f(t,x,v)$ to the full (spatially inhomogeneous) Boltzmann equation with periodic spatial conditions $x \in \mathbb T^d$, for hard and moderately soft potentials \emph{without the angular cutoff assumption}, and under the \emph{a priori} assumption that the main hydrodynamic fields, namely the local mass $\int\_v f(t,x,v)$ and local energy $\int\_v f(t,x,v)|v|^2$ and local entropy $\int\_v f(t,x,v) \ln f(t,x,v)$, are controlled along time. We establish quantitative estimates of \emph{propagation} in time of "pointwise polynomial moments", i.e. $\sup\_{x,v} f(t,x,v) (1+|v|)^q$, $q \ge 0$. In the case of hard potentials, we also prove \emph{appearance} of these moments for all $q \ge 0$. In the case of moderately soft potentials we prove the \emph{appearance} of low-order pointwise moments.Comment: 32 page