Uso eficiente, tecnología y gestión de agua para uso agrícola y consumo humano.

Capítulo de libroEn México, como en muchas partes del mundo, existe una grave presión por los recursos hídricos y cada vez son más escasos. Los ciclos han sido alterados fuertemente y la posibilidad de adquirir agua de buena calidad, con la adecuada distribución y en la cantidad requerida, se convierte en un reto.Fil: Cisneros-Almazán, Rodolfo. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Facultad de Ingeniería, Posgrado en Tecnología y Gestión del Agua, México. Email: [email protected]. .Fil: Díaz de León-Zavala, Oscar A. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Facultad de Ingeniería, Posgrado en Tecnología y Gestión del Agua, México. Email: [email protected]: Rodríguez-Cuevas, Clemente. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Facultad de Ingeniería, Posgrado en Tecnología y Gestión del Agua, México. [email protected]: Cisneros-Pérez, Rodolfo. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Facultad de Ingeniería, México. Email: [email protected]

Semiautomatización de un invernadero de pequeña escala

Objective: Implement a low-cost semi-automated system in a small-scale greenhouse Design/methodology/approach: For the automation an arduino plate, an RHT03 sensor, a 78xx regulator, a Big John Giant pump of a 1 hp and a Sun Hold Ras 0510 relay were used. With the Arduino board, a semi-automated system was implemented that controls the ignition and shutdown of the irrigation and nebulization system, the temperature, relative humidity and humidity of the substrate are regulated. Results: The parameters that were measured are humidity of the substrate, relative humidity and, temperature with a total of 5 sensors for relative humidity and temperature and three sensors for the humidity of the substrate. By measuring these variables the on and off of pumps for irrigation and fogging is controlled, as well as having terminals that in the future can control the opening and closing of the lateral vents. Implications: We were able to confirm that the automation of the greenhouse helps to streamline agricultural processes while optimizing and controlling climatic axes that can be assumed as possible threats in the framework of the planting and ripening process. We also check the effectiveness of this type of methods when producing and taking care of the fruit.Conclusions: The automation to be controlled by a computer, facilitates having several modules in operation, controllingthe irrigation and nebulization pumps according to the needs of each module.Objetivo: Implementar un sistema semiautomatizado de bajo costo en un invernadero a pequeña escala Metodología: Para la automatización se utilizó una placa arduino, un sensor RHT03, un regulador 78xx, una bomba Big John Giant de un 1 hp y un relevador Sun Hold Ras 0510. Con la placa arduino se implementó un sistema semiautomatizado que controla el encendido y el apagado del sistema de riego y nebulización, se regula la temperatura, la humedad relativa y la humedad del sustrato. Resultados: Los parámetros evaluados fueron humedad del sustrato, humedad relativa y, temperatura con un total de cinco sensores para humedad relativa y temperatura y tres sensores para la humedad del sustrato. Al medir estas variables se controla el encendido y el apagado de bombas para riego y nebulización, además de contar con terminales que en un futuro puedan controlar la apertura y el cierre de las ventilas laterales. Implicaciones: Se confirmó que la automatización del invernadero ayuda a agilizar los procesos agrícolas al tiempo que optimiza y controla ejes climáticos que pueden ser asumidos como posibles amenazasen el marco del proceso de siembra y maduración. Se comprobó la eficacia de este tipo de métodos a la hora de producir y cuidar el fruto. Conclusiones: La automatización al ser controlada por un equipo de cómputo, facilita tener diversos módulos en operación, controlando las bombas de riego y nebulización de acuerdo a las necesidades de cada módulo

Determination of Soil Physical Properties and Pre-Sowing Irrigation Depth from Electrical Resistivity, Moisture, and Salinity Measurements

Seeds require adequate soil moisture prior to planting, and pre-sowing irrigation depth (PSID) represents the optimum seed moisture level. This work proposes a new methodology to obtain soil physical properties and PSID, that includes the application of the electromagnetic profiling method (EMP) as a fast and non-invasive technique. Soil electrical resistivity measurements obtained from an EMP survey are combined with soil moisture and salinity information as experimental input for the PetroWin program. The PetroWin program uses Ryjov’s theoretical model to determine fines content and porosity, and then, PSID values are determined. At the study site, variations in soil resistivity were controlled by variations in fines content and soil moisture, and not by variations in soil salinity. The rooting depth of the crops was limited by a soil thickness of 0.6 m. A PSID between 8 and 9 cm was determined for the site, resulting in a total water volume required of 5313 m3 to ensure that soil moisture reaches the field capacity. The proposed methodology constitutes an effective and efficient tool for the determination of the physical properties and irrigation parameters of agricultural soils and, consequently, for the sustainable use of irrigation water

Multi-Objective Approach for Determining Optimal Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems Combination at City Scale. The Case of San Luis Potosí (México)

A method for determining the optimal Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDs) combination at city scale is presented in this paper. A comprehensive set of SUDs categories comprising infrastructures aimed at either detaining and locally reusing or infiltrating precipitation are considered. A volumetric water balance is proposed for modelling hydrological processes in urban catchments. A multi-criteria approach combining a cost function and aims for both recharging aquifers and limiting runoff contribution to water courses is proposed to find the optimal SUDs combination. The water balance was run with each possible SUDs combination and the optimal set of SUDs was found. The method was applied to the Metropolitan Area of San Luis Potosí (Mexico). The optimal solutions in this case clearly promoted surface runoff detention and reuse over porous pavements and green roofs but they were sensitive to the considered costs. The SUD requirements to potential new urban developments for each catchment to comply with the original hydrological aims were also studied. The method requires customizing the cost function and using representative climatic data

Calidad del agua de escorrentía para uso agrícola captada en bordos de almacenamiento

In arid and semi-arid areas, water is one of the critical factors for agricultural and livestock productivity. The shortage of the resource and the depletion of aquifers are specific problems of these regions where the collection of rainwater becomes essential, however, there is not information about its quality. Therefore the objective was to determine the quality and suitability of rainwater collected on earthen dams (ED) for use in agricultural irrigation. Water samples were collected from ED located in three micro-regions of the State of San Luis Potosí, where pH, EC (dS m-1), anions and cations were determined. In addition, Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Percentage of possible sodium (PPS), Permeability index (PI), Kelly index (KI), Hardness, SARaj, Total dissolved solids (TDS), Effective salinity (ES) and Potential salinity (PS) were estimated. With the exception of magnesium, there were not significant differences between the micro-regions (p > 0.05). According to the Wilcox classification, Riverside standards and values of PI, KI, TDS, ES y PS, the water of ED is classified as of good quality and is appropriate for irrigation with potential for the production of forage.En las zonas áridas y semiáridas el agua es uno de los factores críticos para la productividad agrícola y pecuaria. La escasez del recurso y el abatimiento de acuíferos son problemas específicos de estas regiones donde la captación de agua de lluvia se vuelve indispensable; sin embargo, no existe información sobre su calidad. Por lo anterior, el objetivo fue determinar la calidad y la aptitud del agua de lluvia captada en bordos de almacenamiento (BA) para su uso en el riego agrícola. Se tomaron muestras de agua de BA ubicados en tres microrregiones del Estado de San Luis Potosí, en las que se determinó el pH, CE (dS m-1), aniones y cationes. Además, se estimaron los índices de Relación de Adsorción de Sodio (RAS), Carbonato sódico residual (CSR), Porcentaje de sodio posible (PSP), Índice de permeabilidad (IP), Índice de Kelly (IK), Dureza, RASaj, Sólidos disueltos totales (SDT), Salinidad efectiva (SE) y Salinidad potencial (SP). Con excepción del magnesio, no hubo diferencias significativas entre microrregiones (p > 0.05). De acuerdo con la clasificación de Wilcox, normas de Riverside y valores de IP, IK, SDT, SE y SP, el agua de BA se clasifica como de buena calidad y es apropiada para riego con potencial para la producción de forraje