Possibilities of increasing interest in foster care in the Czech Republic

For most people, family represents a place where they feel safe and loved. But not everyone is lucky enough to have a place like this, to have a functional family. If the biological family does not work as it should and a baby is threatened in some way, the state has several options to help the child. If there are solvable problems in the family, the state can try to help it by various interventions to improve the situation. But if these actions do not help and the child is forced to leave this family, it is necessary to ensure alternative environment for baby. The child can either be placed in institutional care, or to substitutional family care. Considering the shortcomings of institutional care, various forms of substitutional care are mainly supported. Probably the best known form of substitutional care is adoption. In the case of adoption, baby becomes the member of new family and relationships between child and his biological family vanishes. This form is only possible for a small percentage of abandoned children, because most of them still has some kind of relationship with biological family. For these children, there is an alternative, namely foster care. In the case of foster care, child grows up in a foster family, foster parents care for him every day, but the child still has a..

Cajal bodies and their role in plant stress and disease responses

<p>Cajal bodies (CBs) are distinct sub-nuclear structures that are present in eukaryotic living cells and are often associated with the nucleolus. CBs play important roles in RNA metabolism and formation of RNPs involved in transcription, splicing, ribosome biogenesis, and telomere maintenance. Besides these primary roles, CBs appear to be involved in additional functions that may not be directly related to RNA metabolism and RNP biogenesis. In this review, we assess possible roles of plant CBs in RNA regulatory pathways such as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and RNA silencing. We also summarize recent progress and discuss new non-canonical functions of plant CBs in responses to stress and disease. It is hypothesized that CBs can regulate these responses <i>via</i> their interaction with poly(ADP ribose)polymerase (PARP), which is known to play an important role in various physiological processes including responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. It is suggested that CBs and their components modify PARP activities and functions.</p

Xoo-responsive rice proteins identified by 2-D DIGE.

<p>Changes in protein abundance of the 14 rice proteins in the secreted protein fraction of suspension-cultured cells 24 h after inoculation (top panel); mRNA expression of the 14 rice genes in the leaves of rice seedlings 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after inoculation (bottom panel).</p

2D-DIGE analysis of the Xoo-induced secretome in <i>O</i>.<i>meyeriana</i> suspension cultured medium.

<p>Secreted-proteins were extracted from the medium and separated by 2D-DIGE using pH 4-7/24cm linear IPG strips and 12.5% SDS-PAGE gels. 110 protein spots showed significant changes (> 1.5 fold; p< 0.05), corresponding to 34 proteins identified by MS.</p

qQRT-PCR and enzyme activity assay of peroxidases in <i>O</i>. <i>meyeriana</i> and Nipponbare.

<p>(A and B) qQRT-PCR of peroxidase 4 (P4) and peroxidase 5 (P5) in <i>O</i>. <i>meyeriana</i> (A) or Nipponbare (B) 6h and 24h after inoculation with Xoo. (C) Peroxidase activity 0h, 6h, 12h and 24h after inoculation with Xoo; OsActin was used as a mock gene. (D) Western blot of peroxidase in <i>O</i>. <i>meyeriana</i> and Nipponbare 0h and 24h after inoculation with Xoo (top panel); total protein stained with CBB (bottom panel). CK: Control Mock; T: Treated with Xoo.</p

Western blot of the secretome and total proteins from <i>Oryza meyeriana</i>.

<p>A: Secretome and total protein were separated by 1D SDS-PAGE; B: Secretome and total protein were analyzed by immunoblotting with a mouse anti-actin antibody. Samples of 15 μg protein were loaded onto 12% SDS-PAGE gels, and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) R-250 solution. For western blot, actin was used a representative intracellular protein. Mr: marker; S: secretome; T: total protein.</p

Analysis of the Proteins Secreted from the <i>Oryza meyeriana</i> Suspension-Cultured Cells Induced by <i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> pv. <i>oryzae</i>

<div><p><i>Oryza meyeriana</i>, a wild species of rice from China, shows high resistance to <i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> pv. <i>oryzae</i> (Xoo), the cause of rice bacterial blight, one of the most serious rice pathogens. To better understand the resistance mechanism, a proteomic study was conducted to identify changes in the proteins secreted in embryo cell suspension cultures in response to Xoo. After two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), 72 differentially expressed protein spots corresponding to 34 proteins were identified by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/ Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Of the 34 proteins, 10 were up regulated and 24 down regulated. The secreted proteins identified were predicted to be involved in various biological processes, including signal transduction, defense, ROS and cell wall modification. 77% of the 34 proteins were predicted to have a signal peptide by Signal P. Quantitative Real-Time PCR showed that transcript levels of 14 secreted proteins were not well correlated with secreted protein levels. Peroxidase activity was up regulated in both <i>O</i>. <i>meyriana</i> and susceptible rice but was about three times higher in <i>O</i>. <i>meyeriana</i>. This suggests that peroxidases may play an important role in the early response to Xoo in <i>O</i>. <i>meyeriana</i>. These results not only provide a better understanding of the resistance mechanism of <i>O</i>. <i>meyeriana</i>, but have implications for studies of the interactions between other plants and their pathogens.</p></div

The effect of Xoo (PXO124) on <i>O</i>. <i>meyeriana</i> and susceptible cultivated rice Nipponbare.

<p>Upper panels show the plant phenotypes; lower panels show leaves 14 days after inoculation with Xoo using the clipping method. Controls were inoculated with water.</p

Specific Expression of DR5 Promoter in Rice Roots Using a tCUP Derived Promoter-Reporter System

<div><p>Variation of transgene expression caused by either position effect at the insertion site or the promoter/enhancer elements employed for the expression of selectable marker genes has complicated phenotype characterization and caused misinterpretation. We have developed a reporter system in rice to analyze the influence of vector configuration, spacer and selectable marker gene promoter on the expression of the promoterless GUS reporter and DR5 promoter. Our results indicate that a spacer inserted between the reversed 35S promoter and the GUS reporter could reduce leaky expression of the reporter but was unable to block the nonspecific expression of DR5::GUS. Stacking the selectable marker unit in head to tail with the GUS reporter aided the gene specific expression of the GUS reporter under the DR5 promoter even when the 35S promoter is used for expression of the selectable marker. Compared to 35S under this configuration, a quick and distinctive expression of DR5::GUS was observed in the root cap, quiescent center and xylem cells in the root apical meristem by using the tCUP derived promoter (tCUP1) for selection, that is similar to the pattern obtained by a sensitive DR5 variant (DR5rev) in <i>Arabidopsis</i>. These data suggest a conserved property of the tCUP promoter in preventing enhancer-promoter interactions in rice as it does in <i>Arabidopsis</i>, and also demonstrate that an analogous distal auxin maximum exists in roots of rice. Therefore, the tCUP promoter based selection system provides a new strategy for specific expression of transgenes in rice.</p></div

GUS leaky expression in calli transformed by promoterless GUS reporter vectors containing different selectable marker promoters in different stacking configurations.

<p>GUS leaky expression in representative callus transformed by promoterless GUS reporter vectors in (A–D) configurations combined with 35S (a1,b1,c1,d1), Nos (a2,b2,c2,d2) or tCUP1 (a3,b3,c3,d3) selectable marker promoters as indicated in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0087008#pone-0087008-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>. Fifty Transformed calli per vector were stained after 3 weeks selection and calli with the average numbers of staining spots were pictured individually at the same magnification. Pictures show representative calli for at least three replicates. Bars: 1 mm.</p