Checklist of vascular plants of the Czech Republic

A checklist of vascular plants of the Czech Republic is provided, based on the Kubát et al’s Key to the flora of the Czech Republic from 2002 and volumes 7 and 8 of the Flora of the Czech Republic as taxonomic reference, and incorporating numerous floristic, taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties. Native, alien, both naturalized and casual, as well as frequently cultivated taxa are included. Species, subspecies, nothospecies and nothosubspecies, and some frequently used variety names are listed. For cultivated plants, the taxonomic rank of Group is widely applied. For practical purposes, 188 species aggregates and other informal species groups are defined. References are made to corresponding taxonyms in the Key or the two Flora volumes when name or orthography changes occurred. Most important changes in nomenclature, taxonomy, recently described taxa and additions to the country’s flora are annotated. The flora of the Czech Republic includes 3557 species (plus 194 additional subspecies) and 609 (plus 13 additional nothospecies) hybrids. Of these, 2256 species are native, 464 naturalized (228 archaeophytes and 236 neophytes) and 837 casual aliens. Further, 324 cultivated taxa of different ranks are listed. The list includes categorizations of alien species of Pyšek et al.’s second edition of the Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic and Red List categorizations of Grulich’s third edition of the Red List of vascular plants of the Czech Republic, both published in Preslia in 2012.Práce přináší aktualizovaný seznam cévnatých rostlin květeny České republiky. Jako taxonomický základ pro vypracování seznamu byl použit Klíč ke květeně České republiky (Kubát et al. 2002) a 7. a 8. svazek Květeny České republiky (Slavík et al. 2004, Štěpánková et al. 2010), zveřejněné od té doby. Do seznamu byly zapracovány veškeré dostupné informace o nových floristických nálezech a taxonomických a nomenklatorických novinkách. Přehled taxonů zahrnuje původní, zavlečené (zdomácnělé i přechodně zavlečené) a často pěstované taxony. Nejdůležitější změny v nomenklatuře nebo taxonomii, nově popsané taxony a nálezy nových taxonů převážně původní flóry jsou uvedeny a vysvětleny v Apendixu 2. Tamtéž jsou diskutovány taxony a jména, které třeba je z květeny České republiky vyškrtnout. Seznam zahrnuje 2891 původních a zdomácnělých druhů a poddruhů, z nichž je 245 archeofytů a 245 neofytů, dalších 860 přechodně zavlékaných druhů a poddruhů, jakož i 324 pěstovaných taxonů různé úrovně, vše vyjma kříženců. Z důvodu praktické užitečnosti definujeme taxonomické vymezení 188 druhových agregátů a jiných neformálních skupin. V případech, kdy se změnilo jméno nebo vymezení taxonu, je v přehledu taxonů uvedeno referenční jméno přijaté v Klíči nebo v 7. a 8 svazku Květeny České epubliky. U zavlečených taxonů je uveden invazní status (zda jde o druh přechodně zavlečený, zdomácnělý, avšak neinvazní, anebo invazní) a informace o době zavlečení (archeofyt nebo neofyt) podle seznamu nepůvodní flóry České republiky (Pyšek et al. 2012), u ohrožených taxonů klasifikace podle třetího vydání Červeného seznamu cévnatých rostlin květeny České republiky (Grulich 2012). U většiny taxonů uvádíme standardní česká jména, která vycházejí z českého jmenosloví Klíče ke květeně České republiky

Interspecific hybridization in the genus Hieracium s. str.: evidence for bidirectional gene flow and spontaneous allopolyploidization

Although reticulation has indisputably played an important role in the evolutionary history of the genus Hieracium s. str. (Asteraceae), convincingly documented cases of recent interspecific hybridization are very rare. Here we report combined evidence on recent hybridization between two diploid species, Hieracium alpinum and H. transsilvanicum. The hybrid origin of the plants from the Romanian Eastern Carpathians was supported by additive patterns of nuclear ribosomal DNA polymorphism (ITS), an intermediate position of hybrid plants in principal coordinate analysis based on amplified fragment length polymorphism phenotypes (AFLP), and additivity at one allozyme locus. Flow cytometric analyses and chromosome counting showed that two hybrids were diploid (2n~2x~18) while one was surprisingly tetraploid (2n=4x=36). To our knowledge, this is the first record of spontaneous polyploidization following interspecific crossing in the genus. Allozyme data, especially the presence of unbalanced heterozygosity at one locus, suggest the origin of this tetraploid via a triploid bridge with subsequent backcrossing to H. alpinum. According to PCR-RFLP analyses of the trnT-trnL intergenic spacer, all H. ×krasani hybrids examined had the H. alpinum haplotype while H. transsilvanicum served as a pollen donor. The hybrids occurred at the locality with abundant H. alpinum plants where paternal H. transsilvanicum was missing. Previously reported instances of interspecific hybridization between the same parental taxa showed an opposite direction of crossing and relative abundance of parental taxa. This suggests that the direction of hybridization might be influenced by the frequency of parental taxa at the localit

Intra-individual polymorphism in diploid and apomictic polyploid hawkweeds (Hieracium, Lactuceae, Asteraceae): disentangling phylogenetic signal, reticulation, and noise

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Hieracium </it>s.str. is a complex species-rich group of perennial herbs composed of few sexual diploids and numerous apomictic polyploids. The existence of reticulation and the near-continuity of morphological characters across taxa seriously affect species determination, making <it>Hieracium </it>one of the best examples of a 'botanist's nightmare'. Consequently, its species relationships have not previously been addressed by molecular methods. Concentrating on the supposed major evolutionary units, we used nuclear ribosomal (<it>ETS</it>) and chloroplast (<it>trnT</it>-<it>trnL</it>) sequences in order to disentangle the phylogenetic relationships and to infer the origins of the polyploids.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Despite relatively low interspecific variation, the nuclear data revealed the existence of two major groups roughly corresponding to species with a Western or Eastern European origin. Extensive reticulation was mainly inferred from the character additivity of parental <it>ETS </it>variants. Surprisingly, many diploid species were of hybrid origin whilst several polyploid taxa showed no evidence of reticulation. Intra-individual <it>ETS </it>sequence polymorphism generally exceeded interspecific variation and was either independent of, or additional to, additive patterns accounted for by hybrid origin. Several <it>ETS </it>ribotypes occurred in different hybrid taxa, but never as the only variant in any species analyzed.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The high level of intra-individual <it>ETS </it>polymorphism prevented straightforward phylogenetic analysis. Characterization of this variation as additive, shared informative, homoplasious, or unique made it possible to uncover the phylogenetic signal and to reveal the hybrid origin of 29 out of 60 accessions. Contrary to expectation, diploid sexuals and polyploid apomicts did not differ in their molecular patterns. The basic division of the genus into two major clades had not previously been intimated on morphological grounds. Both major groups are thought to have survived in different glacial refugia and to have hybridized as a result of secondary contact. Several lines of evidence suggest the data is best explained by the presence of an extinct range of variation and a larger diversity of ancestral diploids in former times rather than by unsampled variation. Extinct diversity and extensive reticulation are thought to have largely obscured the species relationships. Our study illustrates how multigene sequences can be used to disentangle the evolutionary history of agamic complexes or similarly difficult datasets.</p

Geographical parthenogenesis, genome size variation and pollen production in the arctic-alpine species Hieracium alpinum

Hieracium alpinum L. (Asteraceae) is an arctic-alpine species distributed throughout Europe with both diploid and triploid cytotypes. We determined the ploidy levels of plants from 23 populations from Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Finland, Italy, Norway, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland and Ukraine. Data showed a non-overlapping pattern of cytotype distribution: sexually reproducing diploids (2n=2x=18) occur solely in the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, while apomictic triploids (2n=3x=27) cover the rest of the range. Such clear-cut allopatry is rather rare in vascular plants with geographical parthenogenesis. Comparison of absolute genome size indicates genome downsizing (by on average 3.7%) of haploid DNA amount in triploids relative to diploids. Genome size further correlated with longitude and latitude in the Alps, with decreasing absolute DNA content from west to east, and from south to north. While previously published data indicated complete male sterility of triploid plants, we found that plants from the Alps and Bosnia and Herzegovina commonly produced some pollen, whereas populations from the Western Carpathians and Scandinavia seemed to be almost completely pollen sterile. Scenarios about the evolution of geographical parthenogenesis in H. alpinum are discusse

Limonka Gmelinova ( Limonium gmelinii ) na dálnicích České republiky

Limonium gmelinii bylo v České republice jako zavlečený druh poprvé nalezeno v roce 2009 na krajnici dálnice D1 u Ostrovačic na Brněnsku. V roce 2013 bylo zaznamenáno také ve středním dělícím pásu dálnice D2 na jih od Brna.The paper describes finds of Limonium gmelinii on the D1 and D2 motorways in southern Moravia (south-eastern part of the Czech Republic). Limonium gmelinii is a plant of continental halophytic vegetation, such as saline steppes and marshlands, with a large distribution range extending from south-eastern Europe over southern Ukraine, south-eastern European Russia to southern Siberia in the east and some parts of Central Asia in the south. It is reported here for the first time as a naturalized alien species of the Czech flora. Until now it has been known from four sites, of which one is situated on the D1 motorway near the village of Ostrovačice, west of the city of Brno (first recorded by J. Danihelka in 2009), and three on the D2 motorway southeast of Brno, near the villages of Otmarov, Opatovice and Rakvice (first recorded by P. Kocián in 2013 but already recognizable on Street View photographs of Google Maps from August 2009). The Ostrovačice site, harbouring a single specimen, is the only place where L. gmelinii is found at the road verge under steel beam barriers. At the remaining three sites, in contrast, plants are always found in the central reservation. While the population near Rakvice consists of up to 40 flowering specimens, the populations near Opatovice and Otmarov are less numerous, consisting of about 5 and 2 flowering individuals, respectively. The identification of our specimens (deposited at BRNU and OL) as L. gmelinii seems to be almost certain; however, we refrained from identification to the microspecies level (as L. hungaricum or L. hypanicum , both described by M. V. Klokov) because the infraspecific variation of L. gmelinii is insufficiently known. We assume that the seeds of L. gmelinii were introduced to the Czech motorways via international traffic from Hungary but this assumption is based solely on geographic considerations and cannot be supported by any other arguments

Dark side of the fence: ornamental plants as a source of wild-growing flora in the Czech Republic

Ornamental plants constitute an important source of alien, and potentially invasive species, but also include a substantial part of native flora and consist of taxa that occur both in the wild and in cultivation; yet garden floras are largely ignored in ecological studies.We studied ornamental plants in the Czech Republic in order to provide detailed information, based on field sampling, on the diversity of taxa grown in cultivation in private gardens. Sampling was done in accessible public areas, private gardens and private areas in villages, town- and city neighbourhoods, garden allotments, cemeteries, areas of dispersed farmhouse settlements not accessible to the public, and in new urban sprawl. The data can be used to estimate the propagule pressure of individual taxa, measured in terms of the frequency with which they are planted in the gardens. To make the data comparable across sites, we adopted a two-level approach that resulted in producing a detailed list (including all the taxa recorded) and an aggregated list (merging closely related and similar taxa, which was necessary in order to assess the frequency of planting across sites). Each species on the detailed list was assigned an origin, status, life history and cultivation requirements. Comparing the field records with national checklists of both native and alien vascular plants we quantified particular components of the ornamental flora. The floristic inventories for 174 sites yielded 1842 taxa on the detailed list, consisting of 1642 species (standard binomials), 9 cultivars assigned to genera, 147 hybrids and hybridogenous taxa, and 44 taxa identified at higher than species level. Of these taxa 1417 (76.9%) were alien and 420 (22.8%) native. The ornamental flora consisted of not-escaping aliens, escaping aliens and cultivated natives. Of the recorded taxa, 841 (45.6%) occur both in cultivation and the wild. The aggregated list comprised 1514 taxa and resulted from merging 533 taxa from the detailed list into 205 taxa. Most alien ornamentals are native to Asia and Americas. The proportion of escaped and not-escaping aliens significantly differed from wild aliens in the spontaneous flora with underrepresentation of escaped, which originated from Australia, Africa and the Mediterranean area. Taxa from Africa and anecophytes were overrepresented and those from Australia, the Mediterranean and other parts of Europe underrepresented among not escaping aliens. The assessment of planting frequency revealed that 270 taxa were found at more than 25% of the sites, while 584 (40%) occurred at only one or two sites.Winter annuals and shrubs are most represented among the commonly planted aliens; the only native species with comparably high planting frequencies among the aliens, are Vinca minor, Hedera helix and Aquilegia vulgaris. Related to the invasion potential of ornamental garden flora we analysed the recorded taxa with respect to the transient/persistent character of their occurrence. The core (persistent) part of the flora comprised 599 taxa (32% of the total number of taxa) and the transient 240 (13%) taxa. The “grey zone” between the two included 1003 taxa (55%). The results reported here provide quantitative insights into the role of horticulture as a major pathway of plant invasions

Distributions of vascular plants in the Czech Republic. Part 2

The second part of the publication series on the istributions of vascular plants in the Czech Republic includes grid maps of 87 taxa of the genera Antennaria, Aposeris, Astragalus, Avenula, Bidens, Carex, Cenchrus, Centunculus, Convallaria, Crocus, Cryptogramma, Cyperus, Dryopteris, Gladiolus, Gratiola, Helictochloa, Hierochloë, Lindernia, Maianthemum, Myriophyllum, Notholaena, Nymphoides, Radiola, Schoenoplectus, Sisyrinchium, Spergularia, Tillaea, Veratrum and Veronica. The maps were produced by taxonomic experts based on all available herbarium, literature and field records. The plants studied include 56 taxa registered in the Red List of vascular plants of the Czech Republic, some of which showed remarkable declines. Spatial and temporal dynamics of individual species are shown in maps and documented by records included in the Pladias database and available in Electronic appendices. The maps are accompanied by comments, which include additional information on distribution, habitats, taxonomy and biology of the species

Catalogue of alien plants of the Czech Republic (2nd edition): checklist update, taxonomic diversity and invasion patterns

A complete list of all alien taxa ever recorded in the flora of the Czech Republic is presented as an update of the original checklist published in 2002. New data accumulated in the last decade are incorporated and the listing and status of some taxa are reassessed based on improved knowledge. Alien flora of the Czech Republic consists of 1454 taxa listed with information on their taxonomic position, life history, geographic origin (or mode of origin, distinguishing anecophyte and hybrid), invasive status (casual; naturalized but not invasive; invasive), residence time status (archaeophyte vs neophyte), mode of introduction into the country (accidental, deliberate), and date of the first record. Additional information on species performance that was not part of the previous catalogue, i.e. on the width of species’ habitat niches, their dominance in invaded communities, and impact, is provided. The Czech alien flora consists of 350 (24.1%) archaeophytes and 1104 (75.9%) neophytes. The increase in the total number of taxa compared to the previous catalogue (1378) is due to addition of 151 taxa and removal of 75 (39 archaeophytes and 36 neophytes), important part of the latter being the reclassification of 41 taxa as native, mostly based on archaeobotanical evidence. The additions represent taxa newly recorded since 2002 and reported in the national literature; taxa resulting from investigation of sources omitted while preparing the previous catalogue; redetermination of previously reported taxa; reassessment of some taxa traditionally considered native for which the evidence suggests the opposite; and inclusion of intraspecific taxa previously not recognized in the flora. There are 44 taxa on the list that are reported in the present study for the first time as aliens introduced to the Czech Republic or escaped from cultivation.Práce přináší úplný seznam nepůvodních taxonů zaznamenaných na území České republiky; je aktualizací a doplněním předchozího seznamu publikovaného v roce 2002. Zahrnuje nové údaje shromážděné za poslední desetiletí a přehodnocuje zařazení a status některých druhů, vyplývající z rozvoje taxonomického poznání. Nepůvodní flóra České republiky zahrnuje 1454 taxonů, které jsou uvedeny v Apendixu 2 s informacemi o taxonomické příslušnosti, životní formě, oblasti původu, invazním statusu (zda jde o druh přechodně zavlečený, naturalizovaný avšak neinvazní, nebo invazní), charakteru výskytu v krajině, době zavlečení (archeofyt nebo neofyt), způsobu introdukce do země a u neofytů o datu prvního nálezu. Oproti původnímu katalogu je uveden počet typů biotopů, ve kterých se druh vyskytuje, pokryvnost v rostlinných společenstvech a impakt. Podíl zavlečených druhů v české flóře je značný: tvoří jej 350 (24,1%) archeofytů a 1104 (75.9%) neofytů. Nárůst počtu taxonů oproti původnímu katalogu, který uváděl 1378 taxonů, vyplývá z toho, že bylo přidáno 151 taxonů. Celkem 75 (39 archeofytů a 36 neofytů) bylo naproti tomu vypuštěno; značná část tohoto počtu jde na vrub přeřazení 41 taxonů mezi původní druhy, a to vesměs na základě archeobotanických dokladů. Přírůstky na seznamu představují taxony nově objevené a uvedené v botanické literatuře od roku 2002, taxony zařazené na základě excerpce dříve opominutých zdrojů či revize zdrojů použitých, nebo přehodnocení statusu některých taxonů tradičně považovaných za původní. Vněkterých případech jde o infraspecifické taxony, které nebyly dříve v české flóře rozeznávány. Seznam obsahuje 44 taxonů, které jsou uváděny pro Českou republiku poprvé jako zavlečené, nebo pro něž je podán první důkaz o jejich zplaňování

Jestřábníky podrodu Hieracium v Krkonoších =Hieracium subgen. Hieracium in the Giant Mountains

14214