Signs of the legal regulation of bodies supporting enforcement of economic and other courts in the Soviet period

У статті визначено характерні ознаки правового регулювання діяльності органів, що забезпечували виконання рішень арбітражних та інших судів у радянський період. Названо основні нормативні акти радянського періоду. Виділено характеристики, що можна буде використати при модернізації сучасного українського законодавства.Typical signs of legal regulation of the authorities activities, which ensured enforcement of decisions arbitration and other courts in the Soviet period, have been identified in the article. The basic regulations acts of the Soviet period were identified. Characteristics, that can be used in modernization Ukrainian modern legislation, were allocated

Improved Stability of “Naked” Gold Nanoparticles Enabled by in Situ Coating with Mono and Multivalent Thiol PEG Ligands

Unprotected (“naked”) gold nanoparticles with high monodispersity (⟨<i>d</i>⟩, 5.5± 0.5 nm) were obtained in a facile and single-step microwave-assisted hydrolytic decomposition of the molecular precursor [NMe₄]­[Au­(CF₃)₂]. Given their chloride-free surface chemistry, the as-obtained gold nanoparticles were in situ functionalized with mono-, di-, and trivalent thiolated PEG ligands in order to study the influence of multivalent character of the ligands on the stability of the colloidal solutions. For this purpose, a novel tridentate ligand was synthesized and the previously reported syntheses of mono- and divalent thiol ligands were improved. Owing to the pristine character of the Au nanoparticles no ligand exchange was required, and the colloidal and chemical stability of the mono- and multivalent functionalized particles purely depended on the ligating ability of the thiolated groups. In situ-functionalized Au nanoparticles showed a strikingly (2 orders of magnitude higher) improved stability against small nucleophiles such as sodium cyanide compared to gold nanoparticles coated with citrate ligands and functionalized via a ligand-exchange reaction. The monovalent thiol PEG ligand produced most stable colloids against cyanide, which is explained by a strongly increased numerical ligand-density on the surface. Gold colloids stabilized by di- and trivalent ligands exhibited high stability in aqueous solutions with high NaCl concentrations (2 M) in contrast to those functionalized with the monovalent PEG ligand, which were only temporally stable in dilute NaCl solutions. The beneficial effect of the multivalence of the ligands was further demonstrated by the incorporation of an additional chelating ligand (dithiothreitol) to the colloidal dispersions

Structural Characterization of Ordered, Non-Close-Packed Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles on Gold Surfaces

Nanostructured surfaces play an important role in modern science and technology. In particular, ordered arrangements of nonclose-packed nanoparticles created by self-assembly offer a versatile route to prepare systems, which can be used in various applications such as sensing, plasmonic devices or antireflection coatings. Self-assembly based systems are particularly appealing as preparation is rather simple. The ability of nanoparticle systems to form nonclosed packed monolayers by self-assembly depends on the balance of various energetic contributions in particular the adsorption energy, the lateral barrier for diffusion and the repulsion between particles. Even for simple model systems such as the monodispersed silica particles adsorbed on a bare gold surface investigated here, none of these quantities is easy to determine experimentally. To this end, we will report on a detailed characterization of the adsorption in particular with respect to the structural properties of the above-mentioned model system. Based on experimental results obtained by using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) it is possible to determine the electrostatic pair potential from the lateral arrangement of the nano particles in the limit of low coverage

Local Magnetic and Electronic Structure of the Surface Region of Postsynthesis Oxidized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO_<i>x</i>-NP) are applied in medicine as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) where they reduce the spin–spin relaxation time (T₂-time) of absorbing tissue. Hence, control of their magnetic properties is essential for these applications. Magnetic properties strongly depend on the particle size and shape as well as the surface functionalization of the iron oxide nanoparticles. Especially, structural and magnetic disorder in the region close to the surface (1–2 nm) lead usually to a reduced magnetization compared to the corresponding bulk material. Therefore, X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) in the total electron yield (TEY) mode is used to investigate local magnetic and electronic properties of the surface region of monodisperse, spherical FeO_<i>x</i>-NPs (Fe₃O₄/γ-Fe₂O₃) before and after the postsynthetic treatment in oxygen-rich environment. Charge transfer multiplet calculations of the XMCD spectra are performed to analyze the contributions of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ at different lattice sites, i.e., either in octahedral or tetrahedral environment. The analysis of the XMCD data reveals that both, the magnetization of the nanoparticle surface region as well as their maghemite to magnetite ratio, are strongly increased after tempering in an oxidative environment, which likely causes rearrangement of their crystalline order. The magnitude and the kinetics of these variables depend strongly on the particle size. In addition, after thermal annealing a reduced spin canting is extrapolated from the lower magnetic coercivity, which confirms that a structural rearrangement takes place