Surface expression of adhesion molecules on resting HUVEC (“Control”) and on HUVEC exposed to 10^-6 mol/l histamine (“Hist”), the supernatant of 8 μg/ml oxLDL-treated macrophages (“S_M”), or a combination of the oxLDL-treated macrophage supernatant and histamine (“S_M+Hist”).

<p>(A) Histogram of the expression and (B) fluorescence intensity relative to the isotype control (mean ± SD, n = 3) of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin. (C) Percentage of HUVEC with positive expression of these adhesion molecules (mean ± SD, n = 3). Details about the HUVEC activation groups are given in Figs. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0123088#pone.0123088.g001" target="_blank">1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0123088#pone.0123088.g004" target="_blank">4</a>.</p

THP-1 cell adhesion to HUVEC exposed to oxLDL, histamine, or the macrophage supernatant.

<p>(A) Fluorescent images of adherent THP-1 cells (green) on resting (control) or activated HUVEC. (B) Number of adherent THP-1 cells (mean ± SD, n = 4) on resting or activated HUVEC per image field (904 μm × 675 μm). The HUVEC activation groups are: 1) “Control”—RPMI-1640 medium alone; 2) “Hist”—RPMI-1640 medium with 10^-6 mol/l histamine for four hours; 3) “OxLDL”- 80 μg/ml of oxLDL for 20 hours; 4) “OxLDL + Hist”- 80 μg/ml of oxLDL for 20 hours with 10^-6 mol/l histamine added 4 hours before the end of the incubation time; 5) “S_T“—the supernatant of 8 μg/ml oxLDL-treated THP-1 cells for five hours; 6) “S_T + Hist”—S_T for five hours with 10^-6 mol/l histamine added four hours before the end of the incubation time; 7) “S_M“—the supernatant of 8 μg/ml oxLDL-treated THP-1 macrophages for five hours; and 8) “S_M + Hist”—S_M for five hours with 10^-6 mol/l histamine added four hours before the end of the incubation time.</p

Surface expression of adhesion molecules on resting HUVEC (“Control”) and on HUVEC exposed to the supernatant of 8 μg/ml oxLDL-treated mast cells (“S_L1”), the supernatant of 8 μg/ml oxLDL-treated macrophages (“S_M”), or a combination of these supernatants (S_M + S_L1).

<p>(A) Histogram of the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin on the HUVEC surface; (B) Percentage of HUVEC with positive expression of these adhesion molecules (mean ± SD, n = 3). * <i>p</i> < 0.05, ** <i>p</i> < 0.01, *** <i>p</i> < 0.001. Details about the HUVEC activation groups are given in Figs. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0123088#pone.0123088.g001" target="_blank">1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0123088#pone.0123088.g007" target="_blank">7</a>.</p

Number of adherent THP-1 cells on HUVEC activated by TNF-α with a concentration of 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, or 10000 pg/ml.

<p>HUVEC were exposed to TNF-α for five hours. Mean ± SD per image field (904 μm × 675 μm) of three independent tests.</p

Concentration of TNF-α in the supernatants of untreated monocytes (“THP-1 sup”), untreated macrophages (“Macro. Sup”), 8 μg/ml oxLDL-treated monocytes (“OxLDL-THP-1 sup”), and 8 μg/ml oxLDL-treated macrophages (“OxLDL-Macro. Sup”), according to ELISA.

<p>Mean ± SD of three independent tests.</p

Number of firmly adherent THP-1 cells on resting or activated HUVEC under shear flow conditions, according to micrfluidic channel-based detachment assays.

<p>Here, “Control”—resting endothelium, “S_L1“—the supernatant of 8 μg/ml oxLDL-treated mast cells, “S_M“—the supernatant of 8 μg/ml oxLDL-treated macrophages, and “S_M + S_L1“—the combination of the supernatants of the oxLDL-treated macrophages and mast cells. Mean μ SD of three independent tests. More details about the HUVEC activation groups are given in Figs. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0123088#pone.0123088.g001" target="_blank">1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0123088#pone.0123088.g007" target="_blank">7</a>.</p

Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Contributes to Atherogenesis via Co-activation of Macrophages and Mast Cells - Fig 1

<p>(A) Flow chart of static adhesion experiments in which HUVECs were exposed to oxLDL, histamine, and/or the supernatant of oxLDL-treated monocytes or macrophages. (B) Flow chart of static and flow adhesion experiments in which HUVECs were exposed to the supernatant of oxLDL-treated macrophages and/or the supernatant of oxLDL-treated mast cells.</p

Image1.PDF

<p>Scale worms in the family Polynoidae are common inhabitants of both shallow-water and deep-sea ecosystems, but their diversity in the deep-sea remains poorly known. In the West Pacific, only 10 polynoid species have been described from deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems including hydrothermal vents and methane seeps. Here, we described two new species of polynoids based on specimens collected from hydrothermal vents in the Okinawa Trough. Levensteiniella undomarginata sp. nov. is distinguished from other congeners by having elytra with a wave-shaped edge, and that males possess two pairs of nephridial papillae. Branchinotogluma elytropapillata sp. nov. differs from other congeners by having papillae on the elytral edge, and by having a single pair of nephridial papillae and five pairs of C-shaped lamellae in males. Furthermore, we redescribed Lepidonotopodium okinawae (Sui and Li, 2017) and Branchinotogluma japonicus Miura and Hashimoto, 1991, because the original description of the former species did not cover males and that of the latter did not cover females. Sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene in these four species confirmed the sexual dimorphism in vent polynoids for the first time, and provided reliable barcoding sequences for identifying these polychaetes.</p

Image2.TIF

<p>Scale worms in the family Polynoidae are common inhabitants of both shallow-water and deep-sea ecosystems, but their diversity in the deep-sea remains poorly known. In the West Pacific, only 10 polynoid species have been described from deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems including hydrothermal vents and methane seeps. Here, we described two new species of polynoids based on specimens collected from hydrothermal vents in the Okinawa Trough. Levensteiniella undomarginata sp. nov. is distinguished from other congeners by having elytra with a wave-shaped edge, and that males possess two pairs of nephridial papillae. Branchinotogluma elytropapillata sp. nov. differs from other congeners by having papillae on the elytral edge, and by having a single pair of nephridial papillae and five pairs of C-shaped lamellae in males. Furthermore, we redescribed Lepidonotopodium okinawae (Sui and Li, 2017) and Branchinotogluma japonicus Miura and Hashimoto, 1991, because the original description of the former species did not cover males and that of the latter did not cover females. Sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene in these four species confirmed the sexual dimorphism in vent polynoids for the first time, and provided reliable barcoding sequences for identifying these polychaetes.</p

Video_S1_Cryptometamorphosis

Video S1. A video illustrating a hypothesised scenario of isometric growth post-settlement in Gigantopelta chessoia versus the observed cryptometamorphosis, showing changes in the anatomy of the digestive system around the point of transition (3.5 mm to 12.2 mm body length). Simulated growth and rendering was done in Blender v2.79b