Total Domishold Graphs: a Generalization of Threshold Graphs, with Connections to Threshold Hypergraphs

A total dominating set in a graph is a set of vertices such that every vertex of the graph has a neighbor in the set. We introduce and study graphs that admit non-negative real weights associated to their vertices such that a set of vertices is a total dominating set if and only if the sum of the corresponding weights exceeds a certain threshold. We show that these graphs, which we call total domishold graphs, form a non-hereditary class of graphs properly containing the classes of threshold graphs and the complements of domishold graphs, and are closely related to threshold Boolean functions and threshold hypergraphs. We present a polynomial time recognition algorithm of total domishold graphs, and characterize graphs in which the above property holds in a hereditary sense. Our characterization is obtained by studying a new family of hypergraphs, defined similarly as the Sperner hypergraphs, which may be of independent interest.Comment: 19 pages, 1 figur

Fair allocation of indivisible goods under conflict constraints

We consider the fair allocation of indivisible items to several agents and add a graph theoretical perspective to this classical problem. Thereby we introduce an incompatibility relation between pairs of items described in terms of a conflict graph. Every subset of items assigned to one agent has to form an independent set in this graph. Thus, the allocation of items to the agents corresponds to a partial coloring of the conflict graph. Every agent has its own profit valuation for every item. Aiming at a fair allocation, our goal is the maximization of the lowest total profit of items allocated to any one of the agents. The resulting optimization problem contains, as special cases, both {\sc Partition} and {\sc Independent Set}. In our contribution we derive complexity and algorithmic results depending on the properties of the given graph. We can show that the problem is strongly NP-hard for bipartite graphs and their line graphs, and solvable in pseudo-polynomial time for the classes of chordal graphs, cocomparability graphs, biconvex bipartite graphs, and graphs of bounded treewidth. Each of the pseudo-polynomial algorithms can also be turned into a fully polynomial approximation scheme (FPTAS).Comment: A preliminary version containing some of the results presented here appeared in the proceedings of IWOCA 2020. Version 3 contains an appendix with a remark about biconvex bipartite graph

Minimizing Maximum Dissatisfaction in the Allocation of Indivisible Items under a Common Preference Graph

We consider the task of allocating indivisible items to agents, when the agents' preferences over the items are identical. The preferences are captured by means of a directed acyclic graph, with vertices representing items and an edge $(a,b)$, meaning that each of the agents prefers item $a$ over item $b$. The dissatisfaction of an agent is measured by the number of items that the agent does not receive and for which it also does not receive any more preferred item. The aim is to allocate the items to the agents in a fair way, i.e., to minimize the maximum dissatisfaction among the agents. We study the status of computational complexity of that problem and establish the following dichotomy: the problem is NP-hard for the case of at least three agents, even on fairly restricted graphs, but polynomially solvable for two agents. We also provide several polynomial-time results with respect to different underlying graph structures, such as graphs of width at most two and tree-like structures such as stars and matchings. These findings are complemented with fixed parameter tractability results related to path modules and independent set modules. Techniques employed in the paper include bottleneck assignment problem, greedy algorithm, dynamic programming, maximum network flow, and integer linear programming.Comment: 26 pages, 2 figure

Linearna separacija povezanih dominantnih množic v grafih

Povezana dominantna množica v grafu je dominantna množica točk, ki inducira povezan podgraf. Po zgledu sorodnih raziskav v literaturi o neodvisnih množicah, dominantnih množicah in totalno dominantnih množicah v tem članku raziskujemo razred grafov, v katerem lahko povezane dominantne množice točk ločimo od ostalih podmnožic točk z linearno utežno funkcijo. Natančneje, pravimo, da je graf povezano dominantno pragoven, če lahko njegovi množici točk priredimo take nenegativne realne uteži, da je množica točk povezana dominantna množica natanko tedaj, ko vsota uteži njenih elementov preseže določen prag. Grafe tega nehereditarnega razreda karakteriziramo s pomočjo množice minimalnih prerezov grafa. Podamo tudi več karakterizacij za hereditarni primer, tj. ko se za vsak povezan induciran podgraf zahteva, da je povezano dominantno pragoven. Karakterizacija s prepovedanimi induciranimi podgrafi implicira, da je ta razred grafov prava posplošitev dobro znanih razredov tetivnih grafov, bločnih grafov in trivialno popolnih grafov. Preučujemo tudi določene algoritmične vidike povezano dominantno pragovnih grafov. Na podlagi povezav z minimalnimi prerezi in lastnostmi izpeljanih hipergrafov in Boolovih funkcij pokažemo, da naš pristop vodi k novim polinomsko rešljivim primerom problema utežene povezane dominantne množice

On matching extendability of lexicographic products

A graph G of even order is ℓ-extendable if it is of order at least 2ℓ + 2, contains a matching of size ℓ, and if every such matching is contained in a perfect matching of G. In this paper, we study the extendability of lexicographic products of graphs. We characterize graphs G and H such that their lexicographic product is not 1-extendable. We also provide several conditions on the graphs G and H under which their lexicographic product is 2-extendable