The Cost of the U.S. Sugar Program Revisited

Using a multimarket model of U.S. sweeteners, the authors revisit the cost of the U.S. sugar program by analyzing the welfare implications of its removal. Their approach addresses the industrial organization of food industries that use sweeteners and treats the United States as a large importer. The authors estimate that, with the removal of the U.S. sugar program, cane growers, sugar beet growers, and beet processors would lose, respectively, $307 million,$650 million, and $89 million. Sweetener users would gain$1.9 billion. The deadweight loss of the current sugar program would be $532 million (all estimates are based on 1999 prices). World prices would increase by 13.2 percent with the removal of the program

Raman Scattering In Hydrogen Halide Gases

We have measured the Q branch vibrational Raman cross sections of the hydrogen halide gases HCl, HBr, and HI relative to that of N2. We also measured the variation of the HI cross section as a function of the incident laser frequency. The absence of preresonance behavior in HI suggests that the virtual states primarily responsible for Raman scattering lie near or above the ionization potential. This in turn implies that the variation of the Raman cross section among the hydrogen halide molecules results primarily from a variation in the magnitude of the dipole matrix elements rather than from a variation in the energy of the virtual states involved. Copyright © 1975 American Institute of Physics.6393996400

Effects of Age of Onset of Tonic-Clonic Seizures on Neuropsychological Performance in Children

Forty-eight children (aged 9 to 15 years) with tonic-clonic seizures were administered a neuropsychological test battery. The children with seizures of early onset (before age 5) were significantly impaired relative to the children with later onset on 8 of the 14 measures in the battery. The deficits were seen on tasks whose requirements included the repetition of a simple motor act, attention and concentration, memory, and complex problem solving. These findings emphasize the need for further research to determine the causal factors of the greater dysfunction seen in the early onset group. RÉSUMÉ Quarante huit enfants ÁgÉs de 9 À 15 ans souffrant de crises Épileptiques tonico-cloniques ont ÉtÉÉtudiÉs avec une batterie de tests neuropsychologiques. Pour huit des quatorze mesures de cette batterie de tests les enfants dont les cirses avaient dÉbutÉ prÉcocÉment (avant cinq ans) se sont avÉrÉs Étre signiflcativement dÉtÉriorÉs par rapport À ceux dont les crises avaient dÉbutÉ plus tardivement. Les dÉficits se sont manifestÉs pour des tÁches nÉcessitant la rÉpÉtition d'un acte moteur simple, attention et concentration, mÉmoire et capacitÉÀ rÉsoudre des problÈmes complexes. Ces rÉsultats mettent l'accent sur la nÉcessitÉ de poursuivre les recherches afin de dÉterminer les facteurs responsables de la plus grande dysfonction observÉe chez les enfants dont l'Épilepsie a dÉbutÉ tÔt dans la vie. RESUMEN Se ha aplicado una bateria de tests neuro-psicolÓgicos a 48 niÑos de 9 a 15 aÑos de edad que padecÍan ataques tonico-clÓnicos. Los niÑos con ataques de comienzo precoz (antes de los 5 aÑos) mostraron incapacidades significativas compareÁndolos con niÑos con comienzos mÁs tardios en 8 de los 14 tests de la bateria. Los defectos fueron detectados en las pruebas cuyos requisitos incluÍan la repeticiÓn de un acto motor simple, atenciÓn y concentraciÓn, memoria y resoluciÓn de problemas complejos. Estos hallazgos indican la necesidad de continuar la inves-tigaciÓn para determinar los factores causales de la mayor disfunciÓn observada en el grupo de comienzo precoz. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 48 Kinder (9 bis 15 Jahre alt) mit tonisch-klonischen KrÄmpfen wurden mit einer neuropsychologischen Testbatterie untersucht. Die Kinder mit einem FrÜhbeginn der AnfÄlle (vor dem Alter von 5 Jahren) zeigten sich bei 8 von 14 Tests der Serie deutlich beeintrÄchtigt im VerhÄltnis zu Kindern mit spÄterem Anfallsbeginn. Die Defekte traten bei Aufgaben auf, die folgende AnsprÜche stellten: Wiederholung einer einfachen motorischen Handlung, Aufmerksamkeit und Konzentration, GedÄchtnis und komplexes ProblemlÖsen. Diese Befunde deuten auf die Notwendigkeit weiterer Untersuchungen, um die ursÄchlichen Faktoren der grÖßeren Funktionseinbuße zu bestimmen, die bei Patienten mit frÜhem Anfallsbeginn beobachtet wird.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65238/1/j.1528-1157.1981.tb04102.x.pd

Urban Commuting Behavior and the Value of Travel Time.

Ph.D.EconomicsUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/157443/1/7609365.pd

The Application of the Sales Comparison Affiliate Transaction Provision to New, In-House Streaming Transactions Involving Historical Television Programs, and Their Impact on Profit Participants

In this Article, the Authors discuss how the rise of in-house streaming services will impact profit participation.  Specifically, this Article discusses: (1) the vertical integration of the television industry, including the recent advent of in-house streaming services exhibiting content produced by their related-party studios; (2) the context in which the Sales Comparison ATP became a standard provision in profit participant agreements and how this history aids in its interpretation; (3) the meaning and purpose of each sentence and term in the Sales Comparison ATP; and (4) a roadmap for how profit participants may be able to leverage the Sales Comparison ATP to preserve their rights as entertainment conglomerates increasingly use their own streaming platforms to exhibit the valuable library television programs that they own

Results of a multi-institutional benchmark test for cranial CT/MR image registration

PURPOSE: Variability in computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MR) cranial image registration was assessed using a benchmark case developed by the Quality Assurance Review Center to credential institutions for participation in Children\u27s Oncology Group Protocol ACNS0221 for treatment of pediatric low-grade glioma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Two DICOM image sets, an MR and a CT of the same patient, were provided to each institution. A small target in the posterior occipital lobe was readily visible on two slices of the MR scan and not visible on the CT scan. Each institution registered the two scans using whatever software system and method it ordinarily uses for such a case. The target volume was then contoured on the two MR slices, and the coordinates of the center of the corresponding target in the CT coordinate system were reported. The average of all submissions was used to determine the true center of the target. RESULTS: Results are reported from 51 submissions representing 45 institutions and 11 software systems. The average error in the position of the center of the target was 1.8 mm (1 standard deviation = 2.2 mm). The least variation in position was in the lateral direction. Manual registration gave significantly better results than did automatic registration (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: When MR and CT scans of the head are registered with currently available software, there is inherent uncertainty of approximately 2 mm (1 standard deviation), which should be considered when defining planning target volumes and PRVs for organs at risk on registered image sets