41 research outputs found
An intercomparison of flow around a 3D wall-mounted cylinder using TELEMAC-3D and OpenFOAM
Hydrodynamic
Dépôts funéraires d’amphisbénidés ou “serpents à deux têtes” sur la plate-forme Uhle, Huacas de Moche, Pérou.
International audienceFourteen animal species have been identified in Mochica tombs (100-800 A.D.). Among them the discovery of amphisbaenids, a group of reptilesknown in South America as “culebras de dos cabezas” (two-headed snakes), stands as a new fact. Rests of Amphisbaena sp., in particular A. occidentalis, the only species actually present in this area, were found in five tombs of the Uhle’s Platform at Huacas de Moche site. This constitutes the first occurrence of these reptiles in Precolumbian archaeological sites from the western slope of the Andean Cordillera. The amphisbaenids were discovered in jars sitting by the side of the dead, indicating that they were intentional deposits and not intrusive vestiges. Amphisbaenids offerings are also known in North-West Argentina, in the CiĂ©naga culture (2000-1400 BP), and during the periods of Regional Development, Inca and Hispano-Natives (800-250 BP). This kind of offerings thus does not constitute an isolated cultural phenomenon, but should clearly be regarded within a wider temporal and space context. The Mochica iconographic register brings additional details and seems to indicate that these animals could have a link with death and sacrifice, but also with the Milky Way. The discovery of these taxa brings new data for nderstanding their ritual role and symbolic function in Mochica culture tombs.Catorce especies animales fueron identificadas en las tumbas mochicas (100-800 d.C.). Entre ellos, el descubrimiento de anfisbenios, un grupo de reptiles conocidos en AmĂ©rica del Sur como «serpientes o culebras de dos cabezas», es un hallazgo nuevo. Restos de Amphisbaena sp., en particular A. occidentalis, la Ăşnica especie actualmente presente en esta área, fueron encontrados en cinco tumbas de la Plataforma Uhle en el sitio Huacas de Moche. Esto constituye la primera menciĂłn de estos reptiles en sitios arqueolĂłgicos precolombinos de la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera de los Andes. Los anfisbĂ©nidos fueron descubiertos en cántaros colocados al lado de los muertos, lo que indica que eran depĂłsitos intencionales y no vestigios intrusivos. Se conocen tambiĂ©n ofrendas de anfisbĂ©nidos en el noroeste de Argentina, en la cultura CiĂ©naga (2000-1400 BP), y durante los perĂodos de Desarrollo Regional, Inca e Hispano-IndĂgena (800-250 BP). Este tipo de depĂłsitos no constituye unfenĂłmeno cultural aislado, pero debe considerarse dentro de un contexto temporal y espacial más amplio. El registro iconográfico mochica aporta detalles adicionales y parece indicar que estos animales podrĂan tener un vĂnculo con la muerte y el sacrificio, pero tambiĂ©n con la VĂa Láctea. El descubrimiento de estos taxones ofrece nuevos datos para la comprensiĂłn de su papel ritual y de su funciĂłn simbĂłlica en las tumbas de la cultura Mochica.Quatorze espèces animales ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©es dans les tombes mochicas (100-800 apr. J.-C.). Parmi eux, la dĂ©couverte d'amphisbĂ©nidĂ©s, un groupe de reptiles connue en AmĂ©rique du Sud comme «culebras de dos cabezas» (serpent Ă deux-tĂŞtes), se prĂ©sente comme un fait nouveau. Les restes d’Amphisbaena sp., en particulier A. occidentalis, la seule espèce actuellement prĂ©sente dans cette zone, ont Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ©s dans cinq tombes de la Plate-forme Uhle sur le site de Huacas de Moche. Ceci constitue la première occurrence de ces reptiles dans des sites archĂ©ologiques prĂ©colombiens du versant ouest de la Cordillère des Andes. Les amphisbĂ©nidĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©couverts dans des jarres,dĂ©posĂ©es Ă cĂ´tĂ© des corps des morts, indiquant ainsi qu’il s'agissait de dĂ©pĂ´ts intentionnels et non de vestiges intrusifs. Les offrandes d’amphisbĂ©nidĂ©s sont Ă©galement connues dans le nord-ouest de l’Argentine, dans la culture CiĂ©naga (2000-1400 BP), et pendant les pĂ©riodes de DĂ©veloppement rĂ©gional, Inca et Hispano-Indigène (800-250 BP). Ce type d’offrandes ne constitue donc pas un phĂ©nomène culturel isolĂ©, mais doit clairement ĂŞtre considĂ©rĂ©e dans un contexte temporel et spatial plus large. Le registre iconographique Mochica apporte des dĂ©tails supplĂ©mentaires et semble indiquer que ces animaux pourraient avoir un lien avec la mort et le sacrifice, mais aussi avec la VoieLactĂ©e. La dĂ©couverte de ces taxons apporte de nouvelles donnĂ©es pour la comprĂ©hension de leur rĂ´le rituel et de leur fonction symbolique dans les tombes de la culture Mochica
Distribution de vers de terre et forme d'humus lors du développement d'une pessière subnaturelle
[Departement_IRSTEA]GT [TR1_IRSTEA]32 - GECOTER / ECOFRICHInternational audienceThis paper analyses earthworm communities distribution in relation to humus structure and vegetation dynamics in the sylvigenetic cycle of a subnatural mountain spruce forest. Observations come from the Extern North Alps. The earthworms reaction to vegetation changes was studied using two scales of investigation-the eco-unit scale and the tree scale. The sylvigenetic cycle was represented by a 200-m- long transect including the four main developmental phases of the forest (innovation phase, aggradation phase, biostatic phase and degradation phase). Fifteen plots were investigated on the transect. In each plot, a humus profile was described. Earthworms were collected by spraying formaldehyde on each plot. The opération was reapeated three times . The results showed, on one hand, a strong heterogeneity of earthworms distribution within the developmental phases of the forest (eco-unit scale). On the other hand, on the plots, it is observable that earthworms distribution and the age of trees are connected (tree scale). Therefore, earthworms reaction to vegetation dynamics appears strongly at the scale of the trees, whereas worms distribution seems to be more dependant of the abiotic conditions at the eco-unit scale.Les relations entre lombricidés, forme d'humus et peuplement forestier sont étudiées sur un transect de 200 m représentatif des quatre principales phases du cycle sylvigénétique d'une pessière subnaturelle des Alpes du Nord. Les relations lombriciens-pessière sont considérées à deux échelles d'observation : l'éco-unité et l'arbre. Sur 15 sites échantillonnés les profils d'humus sont décrits et les lombriciens collectés après arrosages par une solution de formaldéhyde sur des surfaces de 1m2.Les résultats montrent une forte hétérogénéité dans la distribution des lombriciens à l'échelle des éco-unités. A l'inverse à l'échelle de l'arbre on observe une forte corrélation entre l'age des arbres et la distribution des peuplements de lombriciens. Ainsi les relations entre peuplements lombriciens et peuplement forestier sont fortes à l'échelle de l'arbre. Par contre à l'échelle de l'éco-unité les relations lombriciens-forêt dépendent en grande partie des facteurs abiotiques
A two-fluid model for immersed granular avalanches with dilatancy effects
International audienceWhen a deposited layer of granular material fully immersed in a liquid is suddenly inclined above a certain critical angle, it starts to flow down the slope. The initial dynamics of these underwater avalanches strongly depends on the initial volume fraction. If the granular bed is initially loose, i.e. looser than the critical state, the avalanche is triggered almost instantaneously and exhibits a strong acceleration, whereas for an initially dense granular bed, i.e. denser than the critical state, the avalanche's mobility remains low for some time before it starts flowing normally. This behaviour can be explained by a combination of geometrical granular dilatancy and pore pressure feedback on the granular media. In this contribution, a continuum formulation is presented and implemented in a three-dimensional continuum numerical model. The originality of the present model is to incorporate dilatancy as an elasto-plastic normal stress or pressure and not as a modification of the friction coefficient. This allows an explanation of the two different behaviours of initially loose and dense underwater avalanches. It also highlights the contribution from each depth-resolved variable in the strongly coupled transition to a flowing avalanche. The model compares favourably with existing experiments for the initiation of underwater granular avalanches. Results reveal the interplay between shear-induced changes of the granular stress and fluid pressure in the dynamics of avalanches. The characteristic time of the triggering phase is nearly independent of the local rheological parameters, whereas the initial drop in pore pressure and the surface velocity at steady state still strongly depend on them. Finally, the multidimensional capabilities of the model are illustrated for the two-dimensional Hele-Shaw configuration and some of the observed differences between one-dimensional simulations and experiments are clarified.Abstrac
Statistical analysis of fractionation resistance by functional category and expression
Abstract Background The current literature establishes the importance of gene functional category and expression in promoting or suppressing duplicate gene loss after whole genome doubling in plants, a process known as fractionation. Inspired by studies that have reported gene expression to be the dominating factor in preventing duplicate gene loss, we analyzed the relative effect of functional category and expression. Methods We use multivariate methods to study data sets on gene retention, function and expression in rosids and asterids to estimate effects and assess their interaction. Results Our results suggest that the effect on duplicate gene retention fractionation by functional category and expression are independent and have no statistical interaction. Conclusion In plants, functional category is the more dominant factor in explaining duplicate gene loss