Speaking the Same Language: Using Controlled Vocabularies to Search Museum Collections Databases

This study set out to see how controlled vocabularies help people find collections materials in electronic museum databases.It did this by interviewing collections staff from four museums. Eight people from library and non-library work areas at the four museums, who regularly search a museum database in the course of their work, were asked about their experiences with using controlled vocabularies to search. How people used controlled terms depended upon their job tasks and upon their knowledge of terms, past experience and training, and whether they trusted that terms would deliver good search results. Difficulties in using them were identified as being to do with terms themselves; the knowledge of the person searching; and the quality of information in the database. Despite controlled terms rarely being used alone for searching, respondents considered that controlled terminologies are important tools within museum databases for accessing collections. Controlled terms are resource intensive and need institutional backing to work well. Peer support, formal training, staff with database and controlled terms experience, and access to terms lists are some specific factors that would assist controlled vocabularies to work better for the people who search museum databases. Museums need to allocate sufficient financial and administrative resources to controlled terms, if they are serious about improving access to their collections

Policy to Encourage Carbon Sequestration in Plantation Forests

Carbon sequestration in plantation forests provides the main means by which New Zealand will meet its international climate change obligations in the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2008-2012). However, without active policy, forests are unlikely to contribute as much in subsequent commitment periods. This research paper provides the background for examining policy measures for encouraging carbon sequestration in plantation forests in New Zealand. Part I focuses on providing factual information and positive analysis of: key domestic and international regulations; information on New Zealand forests, the forestry industry and forest profitability; discussion of land-use decision making, including the central question of what influences conversion of farmland to forestry; and forest carbon ecology. Part II moves on to normative analysis of policy design. It discusses how including considerations of the value of carbon sequestration and storage changes optimal land-use behaviour, and outlines key issues that need to be addressed when developing a policy to encourage sequestration and storage in a pragmatic way. Finally, the paper identifies a number of key areas where we need more information before we can make well-informed choices about policy design. Future work will endeavour to identify and evaluate policies that would effectively encourage sequestration.climate, forest, carbon sequestration, policy, New Zealand, Kyoto

Policy to Encourage Carbon Sequestration in Plantation Forests

Carbon sequestration in plantation forests provides the main means by which New Zealand will meet its international climate change obligations in the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2008–2012). However, without active policy, forests are unlikely to contribute as much in subsequent commitment periods. This research paper provides the background for examining policy measures for encouraging carbon sequestration in plantation forests in New Zealand. Part I focuses on providing factual information and positive analysis of: key domestic and international regulations; information on New Zealand forests, the forestry industry and forest profitability; discussion of land-use decision making, including the central question of what influences conversion of farmland to forestry; and forest carbon ecology. Part II moves on to normative analysis of policy design. It discusses how including considerations of the value of carbon sequestration and storage changes optimal land-use behaviour, and outlines key issues that need to be addressed when developing a policy to encourage sequestration and storage in a pragmatic way. Finally, the paper identifies a number of key areas where we need more information before we can make well- informed choices about policy design. Future work will endeavour to identify and evaluate policies that would effectively encourage sequestration.climate, forest, carbon sequestration, policy, New Zealand, Kyoto

The Conceptualization of “Environmentalism” in Sagara

My study focused on the perceptions of “environmentalism” in Sagara, Tanzania and attempted to compare Sagaran concepts to those of a more Western model. My study also identified the “actors” that taught Sagarans about the environment. After finding that Sagarans held a strong resource conservation focus in their responses, I then focused on the details of their resource use to see whether what they have been taught about conservation has been actualized in their daily life. I predicted to find that Sagarans have a much more generalized and resource conservation focused definition of “environmentalism” and that their patterns of resource use would not necessarily fit into what they had been taught about conservation. I conducted the study in Sagara, a small village in the West Usambara Mountains from April 7th – 25th, 2014. My sample frame was limited to adult residents of Sagara Village and members of organizations that have interacted with Sagara Village over the past 25 years. My sample population was “mothers” and three key-informant interviews with Sagara’s village chairman, a representative from Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (TFCG), and a primary school teacher. I gathered my data through two sets of semi-structured interviews, three focal groups, and three key informant interviews. Each set of semi-structured interviews had 50 respondents (n1 = 50) (n2 = 50) while each of the three focal groups had 5 respondents for a total of 15 respondents (n3 = 15). I found that my predictions were accurate in that there was a definitive focus on resource conservation in the respondents’ perception of “environmentalism”. I also found that formal teachers of the environment, such as the government, school, and TFCG more successfully transferred knowledge about the environment than families, an informal educator. However, I found that the government and the local school were both heavily influenced by TFCG teachings themselves, and therefore all taught similar aspects of “environmentalism” such as wood and water conservation. This was in contrast to family teachings which focused more around cultivation and agriculture. Lastly, it was shown that even though many respondents were aware of the teachings of TFCG, the government, and school (proving successful knowledge transfer), the actualization of these teachings proved to be lacking. The resource use habits of many Sagarans proved to, oftentimes, contradict their own definitions of “environmentalism”, taught to them by the actors previously mentioned. Overall, I found that perceptions of “environmentalism” in Sagara village greatly differ from those in the Western world, and that although TFCG has been successful in teaching Sagarans about the topic, residents of Sagara village have not necessarily put into action what they have learned

Fostering Joy, Enriching Relationships, and Encouraging Growth Through Outdoor Education Curriculum

Research has shown that spending time learning and exploring outdoors can be a vital part of emotional and academic development of students. Connecting with the outdoors is also a foundational aspect in the development of environmental stewards. Many students aren’t given the opportunities to connect with the environment for a number of reasons including lack of access to outdoor spaces and/or lack of role models. This project resulted in the creation of seven lesson plans with the goals to foster joy, enrich relationships, and encourage growth in the outdoors. The lessons target primarily middle school students, but can be adapted for older or younger students. They are also written for new outdoor educators and contain information to help develop outdoor teaching skills. These lesson plans were written specifically for the Baker Outdoor Learning Center, but could be used at several other environmental learning centers with slight modifications. The researched strategies for reaching these goals included culturally responsive teaching, hands on/experiential learning, student centered environments, curiosity and inquiry based instruction, immersion in nature, using journals as tools, focusing on relationships, and employing strategic praise

The molecular basis of circadian and seasonal rhythms in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis

Exposure to regular environmental oscillations such as day/night have allowed organisms to evolve biological mechanisms to adaptively anticipate and prepare for rhythmic environmental change. A network of gene-protein interactions between clock genes and their proteins comprise the molecular clock mechanism at the heart of regulating biological rhythms. Though this is an endogenous and self-regulating system, elements of this network can be entrained by exogenous biotic and abiotic factors. This synchronisation process between environmental cycles and endogenous rhythms is facilitated by cues like light and temperature, which influence clock gene expression patterns.Marine bivalves often inhabit intertidal habitats under the influence of numerous oscillating environmental conditions, though little is known about how they regulate their biological timekeeping. In this thesis, we investigate the molecular regulation of biological rhythms in the ecologically and commercially important blue mussel, M. edulis, over different timeframes. For the first time in this species, we isolate and characterise a number of clock genes (Clk, Cry1, ROR/HR3, Per and Rev-erb) and clock-associated genes (ARNT, Timeout-like and aaNAT). Rhythmic clock gene expression is demonstrated in the absence of light cues, indicative of endogenous clock control. Differential expression of Cry1 expression between males and females under the same conditions indicates sex-specific regulation and/or function. In addition, diurnal temperature cycles modulated the otherwise rhythmic expression of Rev-erb to constant levels demonstrating an interaction of temperature with clock function. Instances of seasonal clock mRNA expression differences were found, in addition to a number of other putative seasonal genes, indicating a possible mechanism by which seasonal cues can inform rhythmic biological processes.Understanding the influence of environmental cues on the molecular clock is essential in predicting the outcomes of future environmental change on fundamental rhythmic processes, in particular the impacts of decoupled environmental cues on the already highly dynamic and stressful intertidal zone

Twenty Years

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-me/1707/thumbnail.jp

Foregrounds and their mitigation

The low-frequency radio sky is dominated by the diffuse synchrotron emission of our Galaxy and extragalactic radio sources related to Active Galactic Nuclei and star-forming galaxies. This foreground emission is much brighter than the cosmological 21 cm emission from the Cosmic Dawn and Epoch of Reionization. Studying the physical properties of the foregrounds is therefore of fundamental importance for their mitigation in the cosmological 21 cm experiments. This chapter gives a comprehensive overview of the foregrounds and our current state- of-the-art knowledge about their mitigation

The Effect of Foreground Mitigation Strategy on EoR Window Recovery

The removal of the Galactic and extragalactic foregrounds remains a major challenge for those wishing to make a detection of the Epoch of Reionization 21-cm signal. Multiple methods of modelling these foregrounds with varying levels of assumption have been trialled and shown promising recoveries on simulated data. Recently however there has been increased discussion of using the expected shape of the foregrounds in Fourier space to define an EoR window free of foreground contamination. By carrying out analysis within this window only, one can avoid the foregrounds and any statistical bias they might introduce by instead removing these foregrounds. In this paper we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both foreground removal and foreground avoidance. We create a series of simulations with noise levels in line with both current and future experiments and compare the recovered statistical cosmological signal from foreground avoidance and a simplified, frequency independent foreground removal model. We find that while, for current generation experiments, foreground avoidance enables a better recovery at $k_{perp} > 0.6 \mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$, foreground removal is able to recover significantly more signal at small $k_{los}$ for both current and future experiments. We also relax the assumption that the foregrounds are smooth by introducing a Gaussian random factor along the line-of-sight and then also spatially. We find that both methods perform well for foreground models with line-of-sight and spatial variations around $0.1\%$ however at levels larger than this foregrounds removal shows a greater signal recovery.Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures, accepted by MNRA