20 research outputs found
Effect of Carrier Localization on Electrical Transport and Noise at Individual Grain Boundaries in Monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub>
Despite its importance
in the large-scale synthesis of transition
metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) molecular layers, the generic quantum
effects on electrical transport across individual grain boundaries
(GBs) in TMDC monolayers remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that
strong carrier localization due to the increased density of defects
determines both temperature dependence of electrical transport and
low-frequency noise at the GBs of chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown
MoS<sub>2</sub> layers. Using field effect devices designed to explore
transport across individual GBs, we show that the localization length
of electrons in the GB region is ∼30–70% lower than
that within the grain, even though the room temperature conductance
across the GB, oriented perpendicular to the overall flow of current,
may be lower or higher than the intragrain region. Remarkably, we
find that the stronger localization is accompanied by nearly 5 orders
of magnitude enhancement in the low-frequency noise at the GB region,
which increases exponentially when the temperature is reduced. The
microscopic framework of electrical transport and noise developed
in this paper may be readily extended to other strongly localized
two-dimensional systems, including other members of the TMDC family
Anaerobe Syntrophic Co-culture-Mediated Green Synthesis of Ultrathin Niobium Carbide (NbC) Sheets for Flexoelectricity Generation
Niobium carbide (NbCx)-based
materials
have garnered significant attention in energy- and power-based applications.
The physiochemistry-mediated preparation of two-dimensional (2D) NbC
structures is often limited by extremely high-temperature and -pressure
reaction conditions conjugated with toxic chemicals. In the present
study, a unique biobased strategy, utilizing a solid–gas reaction,
is developed, which involves the carburization of niobium salt (NbCl5)-based oxides using methane (CH4) and other metabolic
gases produced by methanogen syntrophic culture. Thermodynamic calculations
were performed to comprehend the reaction conditions of the biosystem
during NbC formation. The bioprepared NbC sheets were found to be
∼10 nm thin and were studied for their potential in energy
harvesting applications. The strain-induced charge generation was
evaluated by fabricating a flexoelectric energy harvester with NbC
sheets as a flexoelectric material. The maximum power output was ∼2.64 mW/m2 for 8.8 N applied force. We
obtained clear evidence of flexoelectricity in NbC using Raman analysis.
Finally, external pressure-, magnetic force-, and temperature-dependent
responses were recorded to visualize the practical applications of
NbC-based flexible flexoelectric nanogenerators in wearable electronics
and sensing
Thermoelectricity Enhanced Electrocatalysis
We
show that thermoelectric materials can function as electrocatalysts
and use thermoelectric voltage generated to initiate and boost electrocatalytic
reactions. The electrocatalytic activity is promoted by the use of
nanostructured thermoelectric materials in a hydrogen evolution reaction
(HER) by the thermoelectricity generated from induced temperature
gradients. This phenomenon is demonstrated using two-dimensional layered
thermoelectric materials Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub> and Bi<sub>0.5</sub>Sb<sub>1.5</sub>Te<sub>3</sub> where a current density approaching
∼50 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> is produced at zero potential for Bi<sub>0.5</sub>Sb<sub>1.5</sub>Te<sub>3</sub> in the presence of a temperature
gradient of 90 °C. In addition, the turnover frequency reaches
to 2.7 s<sup>–1</sup> at 100 mV under this condition which
was zero in the absence of temperature gradient. This result adds
a new dimension to the properties of thermoelectric materials which
has not been explored before and can be applied in the field of electrocatalysis
and energy generation
Sustainable Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Using 3D Printing with Chicken Bone Extract
Animal waste, if not disposed of carefully, is a threat
to the
environment, as it may cause fouling and microorganism growth and
can be a home for many diseases. Hence, proper waste management is
required. One such abundantly found biowaste product is chicken bones,
which are thrown into nature after the meat is consumed. However,
this biowaste (chicken bone extract, CBE) can be utilized to make
bioceramics in an efficient way without much labor and cost. Bioceramics
made from natural sources such as chicken bones have chemical, physical,
and biological similarities to the inorganic content of human bones
and hence do not create any toxicity or harmful effects when used
inside the human body. Bone, being a piezoelectric material, makes
the healing of fractures faster (osteoconduction and osteoinduction)
due to the electric field it generates. Hence, a piezoelectric device
fabricated from natural CBE could be utilized for generating piezoelectricity
to heal bones. The piezoelectric behavior of a CBE bioceramic material
is studied for the first time by developing a device made via 3D printing.
Piezoelectric studies were performed at various loads and tapping
frequencies, and a maximum piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of ∼68.7 pC/N and electromechanical coupling
of 0.17 were obtained, which are suitable for piezoelectric energy-harvesting
applications. Normally, the lifetime of piezoelectric devices is low,
and their disposal and recycling may also create health hazards. However,
the current device made out of degradable natural CBE poses no environmental
threat after disposal. This novel process opens up new opportunities
and directions to rethink alternatives for piezoelectric materials
that are used for sustainable energy harvesting
Recommended from our members
Thickness dependent nanoscale magnetism in two-dimensional manganese telluride (MnTe)
Magnetism from two-dimensional (2D) materials has received significant attention and admiration due to their unique electronic and magnetic properties owing to quantum confinement, such as spin-orbit coupling, magnetic anisotropy, and emergent magnetic orders, leading to behaviors and properties not observed in bulk materials. One of the crucial gaps that need to be addressed is deciphering the ordering of magnetic behavior with the thickness of manganese dichalcogenides, manganese telluride (MnTe). The present work explores the pivotal role of thickness in modulating the magnetic properties of 2D MnTe, obtained using liquid-phase exfoliation techniques. Intriguing magnetic and electronic properties have been observed in MnTe thinner than 5 nm. Our experimental findings and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the transition from anti-ferromagnetic characteristics to ferromagnetic behavior for one to two layers and then back to anti-ferromagnetic behavior for thicknesses larger than 5 nm. These results demonstrate the existence of thickness-dependent transitions in magnetic ordering and anisotropy for the 2D materials. The experimental results, in conjunction with theoretical modeling, unravel useful insights into the implications of magnetic 2D MnTe for emerging technologies driven by nanoscale magnetism, such as spintronics and quantum computing. The outcomes from the present work open new possibilities for developing memory devices with enhanced functionality and efficiency.</p
Magnitude and Origin of Electrical Noise at Individual Grain Boundaries in Graphene
Grain boundaries (GBs) are undesired
in large area layered 2D materials as they degrade the device quality
and their electronic performance. Here we show that the grain boundaries
in graphene which induce additional scattering of carriers in the
conduction channel also act as an additional and strong source of
electrical noise especially at the room temperature. From graphene
field effect transistors consisting of single GB, we find that the
electrical noise across the graphene GBs can be nearly 10 000
times larger than the noise from equivalent dimensions in single crystalline
graphene. At high carrier densities (<i>n</i>), the noise
magnitude across the GBs decreases as ∝1/<i>n</i>, suggesting Hooge-type mobility fluctuations, whereas at low <i>n</i> close to the Dirac point, the noise magnitude could be
quantitatively described by the fluctuations in the number of propagating
modes across the GB
Indentation Tests Reveal Geometry-Regulated Stiffening of Nanotube Junctions
Here we report a unique method to
locally determine the mechanical response of individual covalent junctions
between carbon nanotubes (CNTs), in various configurations such as
“X”, “Y”, and “Λ”-like.
The setup is based on <i>in situ</i> indentation using a
picoindenter integrated within a scanning electron microscope. This
allows for precise mapping between junction geometry and mechanical
behavior and uncovers geometry-regulated junction stiffening. Molecular
dynamics simulations reveal that the dominant contribution to the
nanoindentation response is due to the CNT walls stretching at the
junction. Targeted synthesis of desired junction geometries can therefore
provide a “structural alphabet” for construction of
macroscopic CNT networks with tunable mechanical response
Strain Rate Dependent Shear Plasticity in Graphite Oxide
Graphene
oxide film is made of stacked graphene layers with chemical
functionalities, and we report that plasticity in the film can be
engineered by strain rate tuning. The deformation behavior and plasticity
of such functionalized layered systems is dominated by shear slip
between individual layers and interaction between functional groups.
Stress–strain behavior and theoretical models suggest that
the deformation is strongly strain rate dependent and undergoes brittle
to ductile transition with decreasing strain rate
Synthesis of Low-Density, Carbon-Doped, Porous Hexagonal Boron Nitride Solids
Here, we report the scalable synthesis and characterization of low-density, porous, three-dimensional (3D) solids consisting of two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) sheets. The structures are synthesized using bottom-up, low-temperature (∼300 °C), solid-state reaction of melamine and boric acid giving rise to porous and mechanically stable interconnected h-BN layers. A layered 3D structure forms due to the formation of h-BN, and significant improvements in the mechanical properties were observed over a range of temperatures, compared to graphene oxide or reduced graphene oxide foams. A theoretical model based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) is proposed for the formation of h-BN architectures. The material shows excellent, recyclable absorption capacity for oils and organic solvents
Recommended from our members
Thickness dependent tribological and magnetic behavior of two-dimensional cobalt telluride (CoTe2)
Two-dimensional (2D) layered transition-metal based tellurides (chalcogens) are known to harness their surface atoms’ characteristics to enhance topographical activities for energy conversion, storage, and magnetic applications. The gradual stacking of each sheet alters the surface atoms’ subtle features such as lattice expansion, leading to several phenomena and rendering tunable properties. Here, we have evaluated thickness- dependent mechanical properties (nanoscale mechanics, tribology, potential surface distributions, interfacial interaction) of 2D CoTe2sheets and magnetic behavior using surface probe techniques. The experimental observations are further supported and explained with theoretical investigations: density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD). The variation in properties observed in theoretical investigations unleashes the crucial role of crystal planes of the CoTe2. The presented results are beneficial in expanding the use of the 2D telluride family in flexible electronics, piezo sensors, tribo-generators, and next-generation memory devices.</p