The Effect of Live Yeast and Yeast Extracts on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs Weaned from Sows Fed Diets with or without Yeast Additives

A total of 340 weaned pigs (241 × 600, DNA; initially 11.2 lb BW) were used in a 45-d study to evaluate previous sow treatment (control vs. yeast additives) and nursery diets with or without added yeast-based pre- and probiotics (Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI) on growth performance. At placement in the nursery, pigs were housed by pen based on previous sow treatment and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments with 5 pigs per pen and 17 replications per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of sow treatment (control vs. yeast-based pre- and probiotic diet; 0.10% ActiSaf Sc 47 HR+ and 0.025% SafMannan) and nursery treatment (control vs. yeast-based pre- and probiotic diet; 0.10% ActiSaf Sc 47 HR+, 0.05% SafMannan, and 0.05% NucleoSaf from d 0 to 7, then concentrations were lowered by 50% from d 7 to 24). All pigs were fed a common diet from d 24 to 45 post-weaning. Progeny from sows fed diets with yeast additives had increased (P \u3c 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and BW from d 0 to 24 and d 0 to 45. However, pigs that were fed yeast additives in the nursery had an overall (d 0 to 45) tendency for reduced ADG (P = 0.079) and lighter ending BW (P = 0.086). In conclusion, offspring from sows fed a live yeast and yeast additives had increased ADG, ADFI, and BW. However, feeding live yeast and yeast additives only in the nursery tended to reduce ADG and ending BW

The Effect of Two Combinations of Direct Fed Microbials on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs Weaned from Sows Fed Diets with or without Yeast Additives

A total of 330 weaned pigs (Line 241 × 600, DNA; initially 12.7 lb BW) were used in a 38-d nursery study to evaluate previous sow treatment (control vs. yeast additives) and nursery diets with different combinations of direct fed microbials (DFMs; Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI) on nursery pig growth performance. Pigs were placed in pens across two nursery rooms at weaning then pens were assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments with 6 pigs per pen and 8 to 10 replications per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of sow treatment (control vs. yeast additives; 0.10% ActiSaf Sc 47 HR+ and 0.025% SafMannan) and nursery treatment (control; DFM 1, 0.05% of SafMannan from d 0 to 38 and NucleoSaf at 0.05% from d 0 to 10 and 0.025% from d 10 to 24; or DFM 2, 0.10% MicroSaf from d 0 to 38 and NucleoSaf at 0.05% from d 0 to 10 and 0.025% from d 10 to 24). Data were analyzed using linear mixed models using the nlme package of R with fixed effects of sow treatment, nursery treatment, and their interaction, and nursery room serving as the random effect. During the first ten days post-weaning, progeny of sows fed yeast additives had improved (P \u3c 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F. In fact, while pigs weaned from sows fed yeast additives entered the nursery at a lighter (P \u3c 0.001) BW compared to pigs weaned from sows fed the control diet, by d 10 there was no difference (P \u3e 0.10) in BW between the two groups. Offspring from sows fed yeast additives tended to have improved (P = 0.069) overall F/G. Pigs fed DFM 2 had increased (P \u3c 0.05) ADG from d 24 to 38, and improved end of nursery BW compared to pigs fed the control diet. In conclusion, feeding yeast additives to sows had a positive impact on progeny growth in the early nursery, while the addition of DFMs in nursery diets had more impact on growth later in the nursery period

The Effect of Live Yeast and Yeast Extracts Included in Lactation Diets on Sow and Litter Performance

A total of 80 sows (Line 241; DNA Genetics) across three farrowing groups were used in a study to evaluate the effect of feeding live yeast and yeast extracts to lactating sows on sow and litter performance. Sows were blocked by BW and parity on d 110 of gestation and allotted to 1 of 2 dietary treatments. Dietary treatments consisted of a standard corn-soybean meal lactation diet or a diet that contained yeast-based preand probiotics (0.10% Actisaf Sc 47 HR+ and 0.025% SafMannan; Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI). Diets were fed from d 110 of gestation until weaning (approximately d 19). A tendency (P = 0.073) was observed for increased feed intake from farrowing to weaning when sows were fed a diet with yeast additives compared to the control diet. There was no evidence (P \u3e 0.10) that sow treatment influenced any other sow or litter performance criteria. In conclusion, feeding live yeast and yeast extracts tended to increase feed intake during lactation but did not influence other sow or litter performance measurements

Evaluation of How Nursery Pig Performance is Affected by Fermented Corn Protein as a Replacement to Enzymatically Treated Soybean Meal Along With High or Low Branch Chain Amino Acid to Leucine Ratios

Two experiments were conducted to determine if fermented corn protein can serve as a replacement to enzymatically treated soybean meal and what the effects may be with high or low branch chain amino acids (BCAA):Leu ratios on nursery pig performance. In Exp. 1, a total of 350 barrows (200 × 400, DNA; initially 13.2 lb) were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments with 5 pigs per pen and 14 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial with a control diet or diets with 5 or 10% fermented corn protein or enzymatically treated soybean meal. Pigs were fed phase 1 diets for 10 d followed by phase 2 diets for 21 d. There were no interactions observed throughout the experiment. Overall (d 0 to 31), pigs fed increasing levels of fermented corn protein had decreased (linear, P ≤ 0.026) BW, ADG, and ADFI with no differences in F/G, whereas increasing enzymatically treated soybean meal had no effect on growth performance. Pigs fed enzymatically treated soybean meal had improved (P ≤ 0.034) BW, ADG, and F/G compared to pigs fed fermented corn protein diets, with no effect on ADFI. In Exp. 2, a total of 350 pigs (241 × 600, DNA; initially 26.7 lb) were used to determine the effects of fermented corn protein with high or low BCAA:Leu ratio on nursery pig growth performance. At weaning, pigs were randomly assigned to pens (5 pigs per pen). On d 24 after weaning (d 0 of the trial), pens of pigs were weighed and then allotted to treatment. Pigs were assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 14 replications per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial. Diets consisted of 10 or 20% fermented corn protein either with high or low BCAA:Leu in addition to a control diet. There was no interaction observed between fermented corn protein concentration and BCAA:Leu. Overall (d 0 to 21), BW, ADG, ADFI, and F/G worsened (linear, P \u3c 0.001) as fermented corn protein increased in the diet. High BCAA:Leu improved (P = 0.023) F/G compared to low BCAA:Leu with no effect on BW, ADG, and ADFI. In summary, using fermented corn protein to replace enzymatically treated soybean meal in phase 1 and 2 diets of nursery pigs diminished growth performance. Increasing concentrations of fermented corn protein in phase 3 worsened growth performance and increasing BCAA:Leu only improved the feed efficiency

Effects of Live Yeast and Yeast Extracts with and without Pharmacological Levels of Zinc on Nursery Pig Growth Performance and Fecal Consistency

A total of 360 weanling barrows (Line 200 × 400, DNA Genetics; initial BW 12.4 ± 0.05 lb) were used in a 42-d study to evaluate yeast-based pre- and probiotics (Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI) in diets with or without pharmacological levels of Zn on growth performance and fecal dry matter (DM). Pens were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 5 pigs per pen and 18 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of live yeast-based pre- and probiotics (none vs. 0.10% ActiSaf Sc 47 HR+, 0.05% SafMannan, and 0.05% NucleoSaf from d 0 to 7, then concentrations were lowered by 50% from day 7 to 21) and pharmacological levels of Zn (110 vs. 3,000 ppm from d 0 to 7, and 2,000 ppm from d 7 to 21 provided by ZnO). All pigs were fed a common diet from d 21 to 42 post-weaning. There were no yeast × Zn interactions or effects due to yeast additives observed on any response criteria. From d 0 to 21 and d 0 to 42, pigs fed pharmacological levels of Zn had increased (P \u3c 0.001) ADG and ADFI. Fecal samples were collected on d 4, 21, and 42 from the same three pigs per pen for DM analysis. On d 4, pigs fed pharmacological levels of Zn had greater fecal DM (P = 0.043); however, no differences were observed on d 21 or 42. In conclusion, pharmacological levels of Zn increased ADG, ADFI, and d 4 post-weaning fecal DM. There was no response observed from live yeast and yeast extracts for any growth or fecal DM criteria

Effects of Live Yeast and Yeast Extracts with and without Pharmacological Levels of Zinc on Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Fecal Escherichia coli in Nursery Pigs

A total of 360 weanling barrows (Line 200 × 400, DNA Genetics; initial BW 12.4 ± 0.05 lb) were used in a 42-d study to evaluate yeast-based pre- and probiotics (Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI) in diets with or without pharmacological levels of Zn on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns of fecal Escherichia coli. Pens were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 5 pigs per pen and 18 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of live yeast-based pre- and probiotics (none vs. 0.10% ActiSafSc 47 HR+, 0.05% SafMannan, and 0.05% NucleoSaf from d 0 to 7, then concentrations were lowered by 50% from day 7 to 21) and pharmacological levels of Zn (110 vs. 3,000 ppm from d 0 to 7, and 2,000 ppm from d 7 to 21 provided by ZnO). All pigs were fed a common diet from d 21 to 42 post-weaning without live yeast-based pre- and probiotics or pharmacological Zn. Fecal samples were collected on d 4, 21, and 42 from the same three pigs per pen for fecal E. coli isolation. The identification of E. coli was by PCR detection of uidA and clpB genes. The AMR patterns of E. coli were determined by microbroth dilution method using Sensititre CMV3AGNF panel containing 14 different antimicrobials. The addition of pharmacological levels of Zn had a marginally significant effect (P = 0.051) to increase the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of ciprofloxacin; however, median MIC values were still under the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2018) classified resistant breakpoint for ciprofloxacin. There was no evidence for differences (P \u3e 0.05) for yeast additives or Zn for AMR of fecal E. coli isolates to any of the remaining antibiotics. In conclusion, pharmacological levels of Zn tended to increase the AMR of fecal E. coli to ciprofloxacin while the medians were below a resistant breakpoint. There was no influence of live yeast and yeast extracts on AMR patterns of fecal E. coli against tested antimicrobials

The Effect of Live Yeast and Yeast Extracts on Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Fecal Escherichia coli of Nursery Pigs Weaned from Sows Fed Diets with or without Yeast Additives

A total of 340 weaned pigs (Line 241 × 600, DNA; initially 11.2 lb BW) were used in a 45-d study to evaluate previous sow treatment (control vs. yeast additives) and nursery diets with or without added yeast-based pre- and probiotics (Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI) on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns of fecal Escherichia coli. At placement in the nursery, pigs were housed by pen based on sow treatment and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments with 5 pigs per pen and 17 pens per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of sow treatment (control vs. yeast-based pre- and probiotic diet; 0.10% ActiSaf Sc 47 HR+ and 0.025% SafMannan) and nursery treatment (control vs. yeast-based pre- and probiotic diet; 0.10% ActiSaf Sc 47 HR+, 0.05% SafMannan, and 0.05% NucleoSaf from d 0 to 7, then concentrations were lowered by 50% from d 7 to 24). All pigs were fed a common diet from d 24 to 45 post-weaning. The E. coli was isolated from fecal samples and species confirmation was accomplished by PCR detection of uidA and clpB genes. Microbroth dilution method (Sensititre CMV3AGNF panel plates) was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of E. coli isolates to 14 different antimicrobials. Isolates were categorized as either susceptible, intermediate, or resistant based on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. A three-way interaction of sow treatment × nursery treatment × sampling day was observed (P \u3c 0.05) for ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, sulfisoxazole, and trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole. Fecal E. coli isolated from pigs of the yeast-supplemented sow group had increased (P = 0.034) MIC to nalidixic acid and a tendency for increased MIC to ciprofloxacin (P = 0.065) and gentamicin (P = 0.054). Yet, when yeast additives were fed in the nursery there was reduced (P \u3c 0.05) fecal E. coli AMR to azithromycin and chloramphenicol. All fecal E. coli isolates were considered susceptible to all antimicrobials, except tetracycline on d 5. In conclusion, feeding sows live yeast and yeast extracts could potentially impact fecal E. coli AMR in their progeny. Furthermore, feeding live yeast and yeast additives in the nursery may alleviate the AMR of azithromycin and chloramphenicol of E. coli isolated from nursery pig fecal material

The Effect of Live Yeast and Yeast Extracts Included in Lactation Diets on Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Fecal Escherichia coli in Sows

A total of 27 sows (Line 241; DNA Genetics) were used in a study to evaluate the effect of feeding live yeast and yeast extracts to lactating sows on antimicrobial susceptibilities of fecal E. coli. Sows were blocked by BW and parity on d 110 of gestation and allotted to 1 of 2 dietary treatments. Dietary treatments consisted of a standard corn-soybean meal lactation diet or a diet that contained yeast-based pre- and probiotics (0.10% Actisaf Sc 47 HR+ and 0.025% SafMannan; Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI). Diets were fed from d 110 of gestation until weaning (approximately d 19). Sow fecal samples were collected to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli upon entry into the farrowing house and at weaning for each treatment. The E. coli was isolated from fecal samples, and species confirmation was accomplished by PCR detection of uidA and clpB genes. Microbroth dilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of E. coli isolates to 14 different antimicrobials. Isolates were categorized as either susceptible, intermediate, or resistant based on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (CLSI, 2018). An interaction (P = 0.026) of diet × sampling day was observed for cefoxitin where fecal E. coli isolates showed no significant differences (P = 0.237) in MIC values at entry, but sows fed the control diet had lower (P = 0.035) MIC values at weaning compared to sows fed yeast additives. There were no significant diet main effects (P \u3e 0.10) on the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of fecal E. coli. There was an increased (P \u3c 0.02) trend towards resistance for 11 of the 14 antimicrobials over time. Fecal E. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline and ceftriaxone at weaning. All other isolates were considered susceptible or intermediate across sampling day. In conclusion, feeding live yeast and yeast extracts did not influence either sow or litter performance measurements or the AMR of fecal E. coli during lactation except for cefoxitin, which had a higher MIC at the end of lactation when live yeast and yeast extracts were present in the diet

The Lick AGN Monitoring Project 2016 : dynamical modeling of velocity-resolved Hβ lags in luminous Seyfert galaxies

K.H. acknowledges support from STFC grant ST/R000824/1.We have modeled the velocity-resolved reverberation response of the Hβ broad emission line in nine Seyfert 1 galaxies from the Lick Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) Monitoring Project 2016 sample, drawing inferences on the geometry and structure of the low-ionization broad-line region (BLR) and the mass of the central supermassive black hole. Overall, we find that the Hβ BLR is generally a thick disk viewed at low to moderate inclination angles. We combine our sample with prior studies and investigate line-profile shape dependence, such as log10(FWHM/σ), on BLR structure and kinematics and search for any BLR luminosity-dependent trends. We find marginal evidence for an anticorrelation between the profile shape of the broad Hβ emission line and the Eddington ratio, when using the rms spectrum. However, we do not find any luminosity-dependent trends, and conclude that AGNs have diverse BLR structure and kinematics, consistent with the hypothesis of transient AGN/BLR conditions rather than systematic trends.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

The Lick AGN Monitoring Project 2016: Dynamical Modeling of Velocity-Resolved H\b{eta} Lags in Luminous Seyfert Galaxies

We have modeled the velocity-resolved reverberation response of the H\b{eta} broad emission line in nine Seyfert 1 galaxies from the Lick Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) Monitioring Project 2016 sample, drawing inferences on the geometry and structure of the low-ionization broad-line region (BLR) and the mass of the central supermassive black hole. Overall, we find that the H\b{eta} BLR is generally a thick disk viewed at low to moderate inclination angles. We combine our sample with prior studies and investigate line-profile shape dependence, such as log10(FWHM/{\sigma}), on BLR structure and kinematics and search for any BLR luminosity-dependent trends. We find marginal evidence for an anticorrelation between the profile shape of the broad H\b{eta} emission line and the Eddington ratio, when using the root-mean-square spectrum. However, we do not find any luminosity-dependent trends, and conclude that AGNs have diverse BLR structure and kinematics, consistent with the hypothesis of transient AGN/BLR conditions rather than systematic trends