Taxonomic review of the tribe Sisyphini sensu stricto Mulsant, 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) in southern Africa, including new species descriptions. Supplementary Material

Taxonomic review of the tribe Sisyphini sensu stricto Mulsant, 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) in southern Africa, including new species descriptions.<br

Aspect raster map

Aspect raster map used in this study. Landscape resistance was modelled according to the hypothesis that there is an optimal aspect associated with the availability of water and favourable vegetation. Slope aspects were reclassified in increments of 45° from 0° to 315°

Microsatellite genotypes for Mastomys natalensis (full dataset)

The full microsatellite dataset used in this study for the statistical and STRUCTURE analyses. Multilocus genotypes (nine microsatellite loci) for 260 Mastomys natalensis samples collected from the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park

Topographic complexity raster map

Topographic complexity (TC) raster map used in this study. Topographic complexity was modelled under the hypothesis that resistance to gene flow increases as a landscape becomes more complex. This map represents TC when using a radius of 1

Microsatellite genotypes for Mastomys natalensis (landscape and spatial autocorrelation analyses)

Microsatellite dataset used in this study for the landscape and spatial autocorrelation analyses. This file includes the genotypes for nine microsatellite loci (216 samples collected from 101 transects across 23 grids)

Host plant forensics and olfactory-based detection in Afro-tropical mosquito disease vectors

<div><p>The global spread of vector-borne diseases remains a worrying public health threat, raising the need for development of new combat strategies for vector control. Knowledge of vector ecology can be exploited in this regard, including plant feeding; a critical resource that mosquitoes of both sexes rely on for survival and other metabolic processes. However, the identity of plant species mosquitoes feed on in nature remains largely unknown. By testing the hypothesis about selectivity in plant feeding, we employed a DNA-based approach targeting trnH-psbA and matK genes and identified host plants of field-collected Afro-tropical mosquito vectors of dengue, Rift Valley fever and malaria being among the most important mosquito-borne diseases in East Africa. These included three plant species for <i>Aedes aegypti</i> (dengue), two for both <i>Aedes mcintoshi</i> and <i>Aedes ochraceus</i> (Rift Valley fever) and five for <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> (malaria). Since plant feeding is mediated by olfactory cues, we further sought to identify specific odor signatures that may modulate host plant location. Using coupled gas chromatography (GC)-electroantennographic detection, GC/mass spectrometry and electroantennogram analyses, we identified a total of 21 antennally-active components variably detected by <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i>, <i>Ae</i>. <i>mcintoshi</i> and <i>An</i>. <i>gambiae</i> from their respective host plants. Whereas <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> predominantly detected benzenoids, <i>Ae</i>. <i>mcintoshi</i> detected mainly aldehydes while <i>An</i>. <i>gambiae</i> detected sesquiterpenes and alkenes. Interestingly, the monoterpenes β-myrcene and (<i>E</i>)-β-ocimene were consistently detected by all the mosquito species and present in all the identified host plants, suggesting that they may serve as signature cues in plant location. This study highlights the utility of molecular approaches in identifying specific vector-plant associations, which can be exploited in maximizing control strategies such as such as attractive toxic sugar bait and odor-bait technology.</p></div

Diet and morphological data for individual bats

This data file contains the following data for each individual bat: identification number; bat sex; experimental condition; weight; forearm length; the number of faecal pellets collected and analysed; percentage volume diet composition for each individual bat

Variable chemical profiles of plant species used by different mosquito species as host plants.

<p>A) Representative profiles of headspace volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of different plant species as measured by coupled gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The identities of the compounds labeled 1–73 representing VOCs from the five plant species, their retention times and Kovats indices are listed in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006185#pntd.0006185.s001" target="_blank">S1 Table</a> (additional information). B) Three-dimensional graphical representation of PCA which resolves the volatile profiles of the five plant species into three distinct clusters. PCA1 = 38%, PCA2 = 32% and PCA3 = 22%. C) Mean amounts of VOCs from the five plant species. Bars capped with different letters are significantly different. Circles and asterisk above the box plots represent outliers. Quantitative differences in the VOCs content of the five plants were detected using Univariate analysis of variance and Tukey HSD.</p

Heat map showing varying intensities of antennal responses to synthetic standards of identified compounds in three mosquito species.

<p>The heat maps are based on doses (4ng/μl) of each compound eliciting the highest antennal responses in the respective mosquito species. Green represent higher responses while red indicate lower responses. White asterisks denote significant differences between two mosquito species. Differences in antennal responses were detected using ANOVA and the means separated with Tukey post hoc test.</p

Mean mosquito captures/trap/night for different RVFV vector groups in 10 replicate trials/district in Kenya.

<p>A) Key primary vectors; B) Primary vectors; C) Secondary vectors. Bars followed by similar letters are not significantly different at P = 0.05. L, light only; LF, light+sheep odor; LC, light+CO₂; LCF, light+CO₂+sheep odor.</p