Test case design for transactional flows using a dependency-based approach

Transactions are a key issue to develop reliable web service based applications. The advanced models used to manage this kind of transactions rely on the dependencies between the involved activities (subtransactions). Dependencies are constraints on the processing produced by the concurrent execution of interdependent activities. Existing work uses formal approaches to verify the consistency and correctness of dependencies in web service transactions, but there is no work on testing their implementation. This paper identifies and defines a set of possible dependencies using logical expressions. These expressions define the preconditions necessary for executing the subtransactions primitive tasks. By using those conditions, we propose a family of test criteria based on control-flow for checking the dependencies between subtransactions. The test criteria provide guidance for test case generation in order to specifically test the implementation of web service subtransactions dependencie

Experiencia del efecto de la docencia no presencial sobre la docencia inversa

[EN] This study analyzes the opinion of the students and their academic performance in two groups of the subject of Physics for Computer Science of the Bachelor's Degree in Informatics Engineering of the Universitat Politècnica de València, during two successive years, in which the methodology of flip teaching is used, the first of them in face-to-face modality, and the second online due to the situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The perception by students of the flip teaching methodology as well as the online material used in this methodology has improved in this last year, compared to the previous one. This may be due to the fact that the subjects involved in the flip teaching methodology have been able to adapt more quickly and efficiently to the new situation caused by the pandemic, which has made it possible to improve the assessment of this educational methodology. This positive general assessment has resulted in an improvement in the academic results of the students because when they value the subject better, they are more motivated, work more and better, and their performance improves. In summary, we can conclude that, in the analyzed subject, the performance and perception of the flip teaching methodology has improved in the time of the pandemic, thus showing the adaptability of students and teachers in the face of adverse circumstances.[ES] Este trabajo analiza la opinión de los alumnos y su rendimiento académico en dos grupos de alumnos de la asignatura Fundamentos Físicos de la informática del Grado en Ingeniería Informática de la Universitat Politècnica de València, durante dos cursos consecutivos, en los cuales se siguió la metodología de docencia inversa. El primer curso se realizó de forma presencial y el segundo online debido a la situación provocada por la pandemia de la COVID-19. La percepción por parte de los alumnos de la metodología de docencia inversa, así como del material online utilizado en esta metodología, ha mejorado en este último curso en comparación con el anterior. Esto puede ser debido a que las asignaturas involucradas en la metodología de docencia inversa han podido adaptarse de forma más rápida y eficaz a la nueva situación provocada por la pandemia, lo que ha permitido mejorar la apreciación de esta metodología educativa. Esta valoración general positiva ha tenido como consecuencia una mejora en los resultados académicos de los estudiantes, posiblemente debido a que cuando valoran mejor la asignatura, están más motivados, trabajan más y mejor, y mejora su rendimiento. En resumen, podemos concluir que, en la asignatura analizada, el rendimiento y la percepción de la metodología de docencia inversa ha mejorado en la época de la pandemia, mostrando así la capacidad de adaptación de alumnado y profesorado frente a las circunstancias adversas.Los autores agradecen al Instituto de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universitat Politècnica de València su apoyo al grupo de Innovación e-MACAFI y a los Proyecto PIME/2018/B25 y PIME/2018/B26.Vidaurre Garayo, AJ.; Gámiz González, MA.; Tort Ausina, I.; Molina Mateo, J.; Serrano Jareño, MA.; Meseguer Dueñas, JM.; Riera Guasp, J.... (2021). Experiencia del efecto de la docencia no presencial sobre la docencia inversa. En IN-RED 2021: VII Congreso de Innovación Edicativa y Docencia en Red. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 502-511. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2021.2021.13763OCS50251

Automatic System to Detect Both Distraction and Drowsiness in Drivers Using Robust Visual Features

[ES] De acuerdo con un reciente estudio publicado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), se estima que 1.25 millones de personas mueren como resultado de accidentes de tráfico. De todos ellos, muchos son provocados por lo que se conoce como inatención, cuyos principales factores contribuyentes son tanto la distracción como la somnolencia. En líneas generales, se calcula que la inatención ocasiona entre el 25% y el 75% de los accidentes y casi-accidentes. A causa de estas cifras y sus consecuencias se ha convertido en un campo ampliamente estudiado por la comunidad investigadora, donde diferentes estudios y soluciones han sido propuestos, pudiendo destacar los métodos basados en visión por computador como uno de los más prometedores para la detección robusta de estos eventos de inatención. El objetivo del presente artículo es el de proponer, construir y validar una arquitectura especialmente diseñada para operar en entornos vehiculares basada en el análisis de características visuales mediante el empleo de técnicas de visión por computador y aprendizaje automático para la detección tanto de la distracción como de la somnolencia en los conductores. El sistema se ha validado, en primer lugar, con bases de datos de referencia testeando los diferentes módulos que la componen. En concreto, se detecta la presencia o ausencia del conductor con una precisión del 100%, 90.56%, 88.96% por medio de un marcador ubicado en el reposacabezas del conductor, por medio del operador LBP, o por medio del operador CS-LBP, respectivamente. En lo que respecta a la validación mediante la base de datos CEW para la detección del estado de los ojos, se obtiene una precisión de 93.39% y de 91.84% utilizando una nueva aproximación basada en LBP (LBP_RO) y otra basada en el operador CS-LBP (CS-LBP_RO). Tras la realización de varios experimentos para ubicar la cámara en el lugar más adecuado, se posicionó la misma en el salpicadero, pudiendo aumentar la precisión en la detección de la región facial de un 86.88% a un 96.46%. Las pruebas en entornos reales se realizaron durante varios días recogiendo condiciones lumínicas muy diferentes durante las horas diurnas involucrando a 16 conductores, los cuales realizaron diversas actividades para reproducir síntomas de distracción y somnolencia. Dependiendo del tipo de actividad y su duración, se obtuvieron diferentes resultados. De manera general y considerando de forma conjunta todas las actividades se obtiene una tasa media de detección del 93.11%.[EN] According to the most recent studies published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2013, it is estimated that 1.25 million people die as a result of traffic crashes. Many of them are caused by what it is known as inattention, whose main contributing factors are both distraction and drowsiness. Overall, it is estimated that inattention causes between 25% and 75% of the crashes and near-crashes. That is why this is a thoroughly studied field by the research community, where solutions to combat distraction and drowsiness, in particular, and inattention, in general, can be classified into three main categories, and, where computer vision has clearly become a non-obtrusive effective tool for the detection of both distraction and drowsiness. The aim of this paper is to propose, build and validate an architecture based on the analysis of visual characteristics by using computer vision techniques and machine learning to detect both distraction and drowsiness in drivers. Firstly, the modules have been tested with all its components independently using several datasets. More specifically, the presence/absence of the driver is detected with an accuracy of 100%, 90.56%, 88.96% by using a marker positioned onto the headrest, the LBP operator and the CS-LBP operator, respectively. Regarding the eye closeness validation with CEW dataset, an accuracy of 93.39% and 91.84% is obtained using a new method using both LBP (LBP_RO) and CS-LBP (CS-LBP_RO). After performing several tests, the camera is positioned on the dashboard, increasing the accuracy of face detection from 86.88% to 96.46%. In connection with the tests performed in real-world settings, 16 drivers were involved performing several activities imitating different sings of sleepiness and distraction. Overall, an accuracy of 93.11%is obtained considering all activities and all drivers.El origen de las actividades del presente trabajo ha sido realizado parcialmente gracias al apoyo tanto de la Fundación para el fomento en Asturias de la investigación científica aplicada y la tecnología (FICYT) y de la empresa SINERCO SL, por medio de la ejecución del proyecto "Creación de algoritmos de visión artificial ", con referencia IE09-511.El presente trabajo se engloba en la tesis doctoral de Alberto Fernández Villán.Fernández Villán, A.; Usamentiaga Fernández, R.; Casado Tejedor, R. (2017). Sistema Automático Para la Detección de Distracción y Somnolencia en Conductores por Medio de Características Visuales Robustas. 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Especificación y prueba de requisitos de recuperabilidad en transaccioones WS-BusinessActivity

Las transacciones son un concepto clave en la fiabilidad de aplicaciones basadas en servicios web, siendo WS-Coordination y WS-BusinessActivity los más recientes y aceptados estándares para su manejo. Este artículo aborda la prueba de transacciones en servicios web, tema al que la investigación actual ha prestado escasa atención. Se define un modelo para la especificación de requisitos funcionales de una transacción según el estándar WS-BusinessActivity, así como se propone la utilización de técnicas basadas en riesgos para la definición de casos de prueba que validen el proceso. Se presenta un caso de estudio para ilustrar el métod

Subcutaneous anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin for prevention of disease in asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trialResearch in context

Summary: Background: Anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin (hIG) can provide standardized and controlled antibody content. Data from controlled clinical trials using hIG for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 outpatients have not been reported. We assessed the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin 20% (C19-IG20%) compared to placebo in preventing development of symptomatic COVID-19 in asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: We did a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, in asymptomatic unvaccinated adults (≥18 years of age) with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection within 5 days between April 28 and December 27, 2021. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive a blinded subcutaneous infusion of 10 mL with 1 g or 2 g of C19-IG20%, or an equivalent volume of saline as placebo. The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants who remained asymptomatic through day 14 after infusion. Secondary endpoints included the proportion of individuals who required oxygen supplementation, any medically attended visit, hospitalisation, or ICU, and viral load reduction and viral clearance in nasopharyngeal swabs. Safety was assessed as the proportion of patients with adverse events. The trial was terminated early due to a lack of potential benefit in the target population in a planned interim analysis conducted in December 2021. ClinicalTrials.gov registry: NCT04847141. Findings: 461 individuals (mean age 39.6 years [SD 12.8]) were randomized and received the intervention within a mean of 3.1 (SD 1.27) days from a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. In the prespecified modified intention-to-treat analysis that included only participants who received a subcutaneous infusion, the primary outcome occurred in 59.9% (91/152) of participants receiving 1 g C19-IG20%, 64.7% (99/153) receiving 2 g, and 63.5% (99/156) receiving placebo (difference in proportions 1 g C19-IG20% vs. placebo, −3.6%; 95% CI -14.6% to 7.3%, p = 0.53; 2 g C19-IG20% vs placebo, 1.1%; −9.6% to 11.9%, p = 0.85). None of the secondary clinical efficacy endpoints or virological endpoints were significantly different between study groups. Adverse event rate was similar between groups, and no severe or life-threatening adverse events related to investigational product infusion were reported. Interpretation: Our findings suggested that administration of subcutaneous human hyperimmune immunoglobulin C19-IG20% to asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection was safe but did not prevent development of symptomatic COVID-19. Funding: Grifols