Balance de energía, nitrógeno y fósforo en sistemas de ceba bovina en pastoreo

Objective: The aim of this work was to perform balances of energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus in pre-fattening and fattening bovine systems at Turiguanó Livestock Breeding Company, in the province of Ciego de Ávila, Cuba. Materials and methods: The botanical composition of the farms evaluated was determined, and energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus balances were performed. Results: The annual energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus balances were negative on the farms in the study. Conclusions: New strategies are required to enhance energy and nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) use to increase beef production during the final stage. Accordingly, improvements in recycling, balance, and efficiency in the use of energy and these minerals are linked to increases in live weight/day, and better final weights for the industry during that stage.Objetivo: Realizar el balance de energía, nitrógeno y fósforo de sistemas de ceba inicial y ceba final bovina en la Empresa Pecuaria Genética Turiguanó en la provincia Ciego de Ávila en Cuba. Materiales y métodos: Se determinó la composición botánica en las unidades evaluadas y se realizaron los balances de energía, nitrógeno y fósforo. Resultados: Las unidades estudiadas presentaron balances negativos anuales en lo energético y en el nitrógeno y fósforo. Conclusiones: Son necesarias estrategias para aumentar el aprovechamiento de energía y los nutrientes como nitrógeno y fósforo e incrementar la producción bovina de carne en su fase final, por lo que las mejoras del reciclaje, el balance y la eficiencia de utilización de la energía y estos minerales, están ligadas a los incrementos en peso vivo/día y a mejores pesos finales a industria en esta fase

Energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus balances in grazing cattle fattening systems

The aim of this work was to check the balance of energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus in pre-fattening and fattening bovine systems at Turiguanó Livestock Breeding Company, in the province of Ciego de Ávila, Cuba. The botanical composition of the farms evaluated was determined, and the energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus balances checked. The annual energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus balances were negative on the experimental farms. New strategies are required to enhance energy and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) use, and increase beef production during the final stage. Therefore, improvements in recycling, balance, and efficiency in the use of energy and these minerals are linked to increases in live weight/day, and better final weights during that stage.The aim of this work was to check the balance of energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus in pre-fattening and fattening bovine systems at Turiguanó Livestock Breeding Company, in the province of Ciego de Ávila, Cuba. The botanical composition of the farms evaluated was determined, and the energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus balances checked. The annual energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus balances were negative on the experimental farms. New strategies are required to enhance energy and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) use, and increase beef production during the final stage. Therefore, improvements in recycling, balance, and efficiency in the use of energy and these minerals are linked to increases in live weight/day, and better final weights during that stage

Energy, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Balances in Grazing Cattle Fattening Systems

Antecedentes: El objetivo del trabajo fue estimar la eficiencia en la producción lechera de 1 168 casos en la Sierra Sur Andina Ecuatoriana, mediante la aplicación de un modelo de redes neuronales con per-ceptrón multicapa. Métodos: Los casos fueron tomados de fuentes secundarias provistas por el instituto oficial de estadísticas nacionales del Ecuador para el año 2016. Las variables seleccionadas para el modelo fueron: producción total de leche el día de ayer (P) como variable dependiente y número total de ganado vacuno (GV), el total de trabajadores en el terreno (E) además de la superficie total a cargo de la persona productora (S) como variables independientes. Los criterios de selección de las variables fueron: la existencia de datos por cada caso y el impacto de ellas en la variable dependiente. Resultados: La eficiencia promedio fue del 8,11 %, donde la cantidad de casos detectados con eficiencia > 0,70 fueron en total 11 (0,9 % de la muestra). Posteriormente, los casos estudiados se clasificaron en tres grupos en función de la eficiencia calculada: Grupo 1 (eficiencia ≤ 0,4), Grupo 2 (eficiencia > 0,4 hasta ≤ 0,7) y Grupo 3 (eficiencia > 0,7). Conclusiones: Al compararlos se encontraron diferencias estadísticas (P < 0,01) para las variables producción total de leche al año de la granja, y además de otras variables como: total de trabajadores en el terreno, área de la granja, total de vacas, total de unidades de ganado vacuno, partos, vacas preñadas y vacas servidas.Aim: The aim of this work was to estimate the efficiency of milk production in 1 168 cases in Ecuadoran Sierra Sur Andina, with the implementation of neural networks with multilayer perceptrons. Materials and Methods: These cases were collected from secondary samples provided by the Official Institute of National Statistics of Ecuador, in 2016. The variables chosen for the model were total milk production on the previ-ous day (P), as dependent variable; and total cattle heads (CH), total laborers in the field (E), and total surface at-tended by laborer (S), as independent variables. The selection criteria were the existence of data from individual cas-es, and their impact on the dependent variable. ISSN 2224-7920 Results: The average efficiency was 8.11 %, from which the total cases detected efficiently (> 0.70) accounted for 11 (0.9 % of the sample). Later, the cases studied were classified into three groups, depending on the efficiency cal-culated: Group 1 (≤ 0.4 efficiency); Group 2 (> 0.4 - ≤ 0.7 efficiency); and Group 3 (> 0.7 efficiency). Conclusion: A comparison produced several statistical differences (P < 0.01) for variables total milk production/year on the farm, total field laborers, farm size, total cows, total cattle heads, calvings, pregnant cows, and served cows

Ganancias de peso vivo en novillas que pastan Kikuyo (Pennisetum clandestinum, Ex Chiov) fertilizado con pollinaza

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto sobre el pastizal de Kikuyo y el crecimiento de vaconas Holstein, de diferentes dosis de Pollinaza como abono orgánico. El trabajo fue realizado en un sistema lechero de 21,6 ha en la provincia de Cotopaxi en Ecuador, ubicado en los 2º 13' Norte y 78º 24' Oeste, a 2651 msnm. Las precipitaciones promedian 1103 mm/año y las temperaturas entre 14-21 ° C. La investigación comparó tres niveles de fertilización orgánica con pollinaza (O, 50 y 100 kg/ha/año, representados como Fo, Fso y F100) en pastizales de Kikuyo. Se utilizaron novillas de 210 kg de peso vivo y la concepción del trabajo fue como un sistema para generar animales listos para la reproducción. Los fertilizantes fueron aplicados manualmente en cada época para las dosis mayores. Se aplicó riego por aspersión en seca. Se utilizó el pastoreo racional para la entrega de dos franjas de pasto/díaEl tiempo de reposo fue de 21-28 días en todo el período. Se utilizó la suplementación con balanceados a razón de 1 kg/ por novilla/día Se utilizó forraje de corte propio. Se determinó la composición botánica. Se determinaron cada las disponibilidades de materia seca con 1O marcos/ potrero y 30 observaciones de altura. Se midieron las ganancias medias de vaconas, su peso final y los gastos/vacona ($).Se encontraron diferencias (p <0.05) a favor del tratamiento F100 y su población aumenta hasta el 93,7biomasa. Los incrementos de peso en vaconas fueron favorables al Tratamiento con F100. Los animales que pastorearon las pasturas más fertilizadas con Pollinaza mostraron mejores consumos de hierba y condición del pastizal, mayores ganancias de peso y pesos al final de la prueba que los animales que pastorearon las menos fertilizadas con pollinaza.The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect on the Kikuyo pasture and the growth of Holstein vaconas of different doses of Pollinaza as organic fertilizer. The work was carried out in a dairy system of 21.6 ha in the province of Cotopaxi in Ecuador, located at 2º 13' North and 78º 24'W at 2651 masl. Rainfall averages 1103 mm I year and temperatures between 14-21 oC. The research compared three levels of organic fertilization with pollinaza (O, 50 and 100 kg/ha/year, represented as FO, F50 and F100) in pastures of Kikuyo Heifers of 210 kg of live weight were used and the conception of the work was like a system to generate animals ready for reproduction. The fertilizers were applied manually in each season for the highest doses. Dry sprinkler irrigation was applied. Rational grazing was used for the delivery of two grass I day strips. The rest time was 21-28 days throughout the period. Balanced supplementation was used at a rate of 1 kg I per heifer I day. Own cut forage was used. The botanical composition was determined. The dry matter availabilites were determined with 1O frames per pasture and 30 height observations. The average vaconas gains, final weight and expenses I vacona ($) were measured, differences were found (p <0.05) in favor of the F100 treatment and its population increases to 93.7% and its biomass production was higher. The weight increases in vaconas were favorable to the treatment with F1OO. The animals that pastured the most fertilized pastures with Pollinaza showed better consumption of grass and grassland condition greater weight gains and weights at the end of the test than the animals that grazed the less fertilized with pollinaza

Problemas de rentabilidad económica y eficiencia técnica en sistemas ganaderos de Ecuador

sta revisión sistemática de la literatura integra los hallazgos de los estudios existentes sobre rentabilidad y la eficiencia técnica (ET) en granjas lecheras, una clasificaciónde la literatura anterior que proporciona la base para la síntesis. Se revisaronsistemáticamente 63estudios de investigación con encuestas con procedimientos rigurosos. La revisión se aplica a la investigación de la encuesta publicada. Se vincula el contexto socio-económico ambiental, las entradas al sistema y los productos con las variables que miden eficiencia. No hubo acuerdo entre los autores sobre el contexto y los determinantes de ET y EEs. Los principales determinantes fueron la ubicación geográfica, el tamaño de la finca, las inversiones en atención veterinaria, las prácticas de alimentación y ordeño y las técnicas de estimación del de la ET, las políticas públicas y las variables relacionadas con la gestión. Las implicaciones para los productoresde leche y los investigadores cierran la revisión. Una característica relevante que surge de la literatura es la falta de consenso con respecto a las técnicas de medición y determinantes de la ET, que sigue siendo un debate abierto. El hecho de que los datos se recopilaron en un período de casi 30 años en todos los continentes, refuerza la probabilidad de heterogeneidad entre las muestras y esto podría ser un fuerte argumento a favorde cambios en la rentabilidad y la eficiencia para generaruna discusiónexploratoria basada en evidencias de los estudiosy no dejar de tomar en cuenta los factores aquí discutidosThis systematic review of the literature integrates the findings of existing studies on profitability and technical efficiency (TS) in dairy farms, a classification of the previous literature that provides the basis for the synthesis. We systematically reviewed 63research studies with surveys with rigorous procedures. The revision is applied to the investigation of the published survey. The socio-economic environmental context is linked, the inputs to the system and the products with the variables that measure efficiency. There was no agreement between the authors on the context and the determinants of ET and EEs. The main determinants were the geographical location, the size of the farm, investments in veterinary care, feeding and milking practices and techniques for estimating the ET, public policies and variables related to management. The implications for milk producers and researchers close the review. A relevant characteristic that emerges from the literature is the lack of consensus regarding the measurement techniques and determinants of ET, which remains an open debate. The fact that the data was collected over a period of almost 30 years in all continents, reinforces the probability of heterogeneity between the samples and this could be a strong argument in favor of changes in the efficiency and to generate an exploratory discussion based on evidences of the studies and not fail to take into account the factors discussed her

Milk production in response to fertilization and irrigation in andean ecosystem farms in Ecuador

In order to evaluate the effect of fertilizer and irrigation applications on milk production in Andean farms in Ecuador, a study was carried out on 535 farms with an altitude of 2550 m and temperatures between 7 and 25 ° C in montane ecosystems (Montano, Montano Alto and Montano Low). Factors such as fertilization and irrigation and the production of milk with a botanical composition of Ryegrass - Kikuyo as grasses and Clover White and Red as legumes were considered. The milk production was taken from the records corresponding to the day after the occupation of the paddock. A simple ADEVA was applied within each ecosystem. The dry matter availability of the grass was between 1.65 t / ha in Montano Bajo and 2.81 t / ha in Montano Alto. There were significant differences (P <0.05) in milk yields in Montano and Montano Alto with fertilized pastures (6.5 and 9.7 kg / cow) compared to lower values in non - fertilized. In relation to irrigation effects, significant differences (P <0.05) were in favor of sprinkler irrigation in Montano and Montano Alto with 8.7 and 10.8 kg / cow and higher values in production / ha. It was concluded that the responses in milk yield to fertilizer and sprinkler irrigation were significant (P <0.05) in the Montano and Montano Alto ecosystems compared to Low Montano, with values between 6,5 and 8,7 and 9,7 and 10 , 8 kg / cow / day and higher yields per area, explained by the greater availability of dry matter of the pasture in both ecosystems as an effect of applied agro technical activitie