Valoración del diseño de los contenidos de la asignatura de morfofisiología I en la carrera de Medicina / Assessment of the design of contents of the I - Morphology - Phisiology Subject in medical students

RESUMEN Realizar una valoración crítica de los contenidos de la asignatura de Morfofisiología Humana I como parte de la evaluación del diseño curricular de dicha asignatura. La municipalización de la enseñanza de las Ciencias Médicas exige de un rediseño de los programas docentes del Plan de Estudio de Medicina en correspondencia a las exigencias básicas a las que deben atender los currículos de una educación superior en los inicios del siglo XXI, siendo una de estas exigencias, la integración del conocimiento, y actualmente la asignatura de Morfofisiología, el ejemplo de mayor importancia en el área básica, para cuya implementación exitosa se hace necesario contar con un programa integrado, y un elevado grado de esencialidad de los contenidos. Los contenidos seleccionados para su diseño se relacionan con los problemas de salud que aparecen en el Plan de Estudio de Medicina y permiten desarrollar habilidades relacionadas con la Atención Primaria, sin embargo, no se ha hecho una verdadera selección de las esencialidades de los contenidos de las asignaturas biomédicas individuales que la componen. La estructuración de los contenidos debe responder al reclamo moderno de formas globalizadas del contenido, más adecuadas a estructuras flexibles, a las que se les atribuye una mayor contribución al logro en los estudiantes, de representaciones cognitivas más integradas. Sin embargo, la integración de los contenidos no se logra de manera eficiente. En el diseño actual de los contenidos de la asignatura Morfofisiología I no se hace una selección adecuada de las esencialidades ni se logra el nivel de integración del conocimiento al que se aspira. Palabras Clave: conocimiento, medicina, morfología/fisiología.ABSTRACT To make a critical assessment of the contents of the 1 Human Morphology _Phisiology as part of the evaluation of the curricular design of this subject. The municipal teaching of medical sciences demands a re-design of the teaching programs of the Medicine Study Plan according to the basic demands that the current curricula should have as the knowledge a s a whole, as well as the morphology-phisiology subject, being the latest the most important example in the basic area. For a succesfull implementation it is necessary a whole program and a high grade of objectivity in contents. Those contents selected for its design are related to the health problems which appear in the Medicine Study Plan which allow the development of those skills related to the primary health care, however, a real selection of the objectivity of contents of the biomedical subject has not been done yet separately. The structure of these contents should attend the current demands. i e, more flexible structures for the students, more integrated cognitive representations, however, it is not observed a whole integrity. In the current design of contents of I Morphology Phisiology subject it is not observed a proper selection of the objectives as well as a level of integrity of knowledge which is expected. Key words: knowlege, medicine, morphology/physiology

Morphometric and Meristic Characterization of Native Chame Fish (Dormitator latifrons) in Ecuador Using Multivariate Analysis

Ecuador, a country exhibiting large developments in fish farming, has a great variety of freshwater native fish. Among these fish is the Dormitator latifrons or chame, which has characteristics that make its farming prone to occur at a quite-developed stage. However, morphological characterization is required to establish a conservation program. In this study, 300 chames were captured in the Manabi province (Ecuador) to analyze their morphostructural model and to evaluate the effects of sex and the production system through multivariant techniques. The fish from the farm presented morphological measurements that were statistically (p 0.05). The percentage of correct adscription was 84%, with larger errors in wild fish. The morphostructural model had a high homogeneity, with 89.95% significant correlations (p < 0.05), and wild male and female fish were more homogeneous. The farm fish were larger because of the higher food availability. Moreover, the species exhibited sexual dimorphism, although there were no great differences in the morphometric measurements. This study shows the great biodiversity that naturally exists in Ecuadorian rivers. Therefore, it is of great interest to develop a chame breeding and conservation program

Focused Coordination Models towards Sustainability in Higher Education. Case of Quevedo State Technical University (Ecuador)

This research studied the relationship between coordination models (CM) focused on sustainability and satisfaction, as a competitive advantage, which increases sustainability at the Quevedo State Technical University (UTEQ) in Ecuador. A survey in situ on a random sample of 3200 students was done in 2019. By using multivariate methods, an organizational typology was built. Next, CM were related to the level of student satisfaction by general linear model (GLM). Twenty-three organizational variables were grouped into six components that explained 66.23% of the variance. A typology with three groups was built: Cluster 1 with a moderate CM level (44.57% of the sample), Cluster 2 with a low level of CM (38.18%), and Cluster 3 with a high level of CM (15.25%). By GLM, a positive relation between typology and students’ levels of satisfaction was found. Therefore, an increase of CM turned into a major satisfaction level at UTEQ. We suggest, as a priority, to improve communication amongst students and administrative staff. Communication should be frequent, accurate, on time, and oriented to solve problems. It would also be positive to increase the CM amongst students and representatives in solving communication problems, sharing knowledge, goals, and mutual respect

A Methodological Approach to Evaluate Livestock Innovations on Small-Scale Farms in Developing Countries

The aim of the study was deepening the knowledge of livestock innovations knowledge on small-scale farms in developing countries. First, we developed a methodology focused on identifying potential appropriate livestock innovations for smallholders and grouped them in innovation areas, defined as a set of well-organized practices with a business purpose. Finally, a process management program (PMP) was evaluated according to the livestock innovation level and viability of the small-scale farms. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the impact of PMP on the economic viability of the farm. Information from 1650 small-scale livestock farms in Mexico was collected and the innovations were grouped in five innovation areas: A1. Management, A2. Feeding, A3. Genetic, A4. Reproduction and A5. Animal Health. The resulting innovation level in the system was low at 45.7% and heterogeneous among areas. This study shows the usefulness of the methodology described and confirms that implementing a PMP allows improving the viability an additional 21%, due to a better integration of processes, resulting in more efficient managemen

Elaboración de ejercicios interactivos de autoevaluación con el programa Hot Potatoes para las asignaturas Morfofisiología Humana I y IV

A set of one-hundred exercises was elaborated using the software Hot Potatoes aiming at contributing with the teaching-learning process of the eukaryote cell’s morphology and physiology, in order to facilitate interactive teaching. Different kinds of exercises were generated: fill-in the blanks, crosswords, matching, true or false, multiple-choice, and ordering of phrases and sentences. The main advantaged offered by the software Hot Potatoes are: automatic correction of the answers (at the end of each exercise, the student obtains a percentage qualification derived from both the number of correct and incorrect answers, and also based on he number of attempt to give each correct answer), and secondly, the availability for the professor to enter information regarding why an answer ins correct or is not (back-feeding). The exercises elaborated were incorporated to the lessons created for each topic, so that each student could make an evaluation on how much he/she had learned at the end of his/her independent review or session. Now there is no way to organize the teaching process (workshop lesson) among the lectures and seminars in which student could consolidate and systematize the received contents, so that the exercises may contribute to achieve the skills in each topic.Se elaboró un conjunto de 100 ejercicios utilizando el programa Hot Potatoes con el propósito de contribuir al desarrollo de un proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de la morfofisiología de la célula eucariota para facilitar la enseñanza interactiva. Fueron generados ejercicios de diferentes tipos: como los de rellenar espacios en blanco, crucigramas, enlazar elementos relacionados en dos columnas, verdadero o falso, selección múltiple y ordenamiento de frases u oraciones. Las principales ventajas que ofrece el programa Hot Potatoes son: la corrección automática de los ejercicios (al finalizar cada ejercicio, el estudiante obtiene una calificación porcentual derivada tanto del número de aciertos como del de errores, así como del número de intentos que haya empleado antes de dar con la respuesta correcta) y, en segundo lugar, la posibilidad que se brinda al profesor de introducir información que explique por qué una respuesta es correcta o incorrecta (retroalimentación). Los ejercicios elaborados se incorporaron a las lecciones creadas para cada temática de forma tal que cada estudiante pudiera hacer una valoración de cuanto había aprendido al finalizar su estudio independiente. No existe en la actualidad una forma de organización de la enseñanza (clase taller) entre las conferencias y los seminarios en la que los estudiantes puedan profundizar y sistematizar los contenidos recibidos, de ahí que los ejercicios contribuyan significativamente al logro de las habilidades en cada tema

Structural and Technological Characterization of Tropical Smallholder Farms of Dual-Purpose Cattle in Mexico

Dual-purpose cattle smallholder farms (DP) exhibit a critical economic situation. The objective of this research was building a typology for DP in tropical conditions and characterizing them technologically. This will help developing more effective public policies in DP farms located in tropical conditions. A sample of 1.475 farms located in the tropical area of Mexico was selected. The typology was built using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). Subsequently, five groups were identified by a hierarchical cluster analysis with Ward’s method. Groups 1 and 2, covered a 46.5% of the farms; these ones presented a small-scale productive model with low levels of technological adoption, improvements were mainly associated to the area of reproduction and genetics. Very small farms (Group 3) showed orientation to subsistence. They need to improve all the technological areas. Groups 4 and 5 (29.4% of the sample) were the biggest and more specialized farms. Group four farms were located in dry tropics and showed the highest levels of technological adoption in the areas of reproduction, management, and feeding. These farms require improvement in the areas of reproduction, animal health, and feeding. Group 5 farms were located in the wet tropics and showed specialization in reproduction, genetics, and animal health areas. In this last group, it is necessary to improve management and feeding areas

Guión de video conferencia para orientaciones metodológicas a los facilitadores de biología celular y molecular A Program based on video- conferences for methodological orientations to the professors of cell and molecular biology

Con el objetivo de orientar metodológicamente, a través de una video-conferencia, a los facilitadotes que se inician en la enseñanza de la Biología Celular y Molecular, a estudiantes del primer año de Medicina del Proyecto Policlínico Universitario, se confeccionó un guión con los aspectos metodológicos de relevancia para preparar a los facilitadotes. A través de imágenes en Power Point se orientaron aspectos relacionados con la caracterización de la asignatura, su organización desde el punto de vista didáctico en cinco sistemas: sistema de objetivos, de conocimientos, de habilidades, de clases y de evaluación, se dan además las indicaciones generales para el estudio de la asignatura. Se hizo particular énfasis en la estructura metodológica y el papel del facilitador en las diferentes formas organizativas del proceso docente dentro del sistema de clases. Se realizó además un recorrido por los contenidos de los ocho temas de la asignatura, demostrando la importancia de la sistematización de la enseñanza y la forma en que se organizan los contenidos desde un nivel de menor a otro de mayor complejidad. Se concluye que la video conferencia de orientaciones metodológicas representa una herramienta útil para todos aquellos facilitadotes que se inician en la enseñanza de una ciencia biomédica y sobre todo para aquellos que se encuentran distantes y no tienen posibilidades de comunicación personal frecuente con los asesores metodológicos de la sede central. Palabras clave: Universalización, Proyecto Policlínico Universitario, Biología Celular Y Molecular ABSTRACT In order to guide methodologically the Cell and Molecular Biology Professors by means of video conferences to the students of the 1st academic year of medicine according to the College Out-patient Project, it was designed a program with the most important methodological aspects for preparing the professors. By means of imaging in Power points, the aspects related to the Subject and their organizations from the didactic point of view in five systems were given: Objectives Knowledge, Skill, Classes and Evaluation giving also the general indications for the study of the Subject. It was emphasized the methodological structure and the role of the Professor in the different ways of organization of the teaching process within the syllabus .A study of the syllabus (8) was performed demonstrating the importance of the teaching systematization as well as the way of organization of the contents beginning from the lower level up to the higher. It is concluded that video-conferences for the methodological orientations represents an useful tool for the Professors of the Biomedical Science and specially for those are not near and lack of the possibilities of the frequent personal communication with the methodological assessors in the mother facility. Key words: Universalization , College Out-Patient Clinic Project, Cell And Molecular Biolog

Elaboración de ejercicios interactivos de autoevaluación con el programa Hot Potatoes para las asignaturas Morfofisiología Humana I y IV

A set of one-hundred exercises was elaborated using the software Hot Potatoes aiming at contributing with the teaching-learning process of the eukaryote cell’s morphology and physiology, in order to facilitate interactive teaching. Different kinds of exercises were generated: fill-in the blanks, crosswords, matching, true or false, multiple-choice, and ordering of phrases and sentences. The main advantaged offered by the software Hot Potatoes are: automatic correction of the answers (at the end of each exercise, the student obtains a percentage qualification derived from both the number of correct and incorrect answers, and also based on he number of attempt to give each correct answer), and secondly, the availability for the professor to enter information regarding why an answer ins correct or is not (back-feeding). The exercises elaborated were incorporated to the lessons created for each topic, so that each student could make an evaluation on how much he/she had learned at the end of his/her independent review or session. Now there is no way to organize the teaching process (workshop lesson) among the lectures and seminars in which student could consolidate and systematize the received contents, so that the exercises may contribute to achieve the skills in each topic.Se elaboró un conjunto de 100 ejercicios utilizando el programa Hot Potatoes con el propósito de contribuir al desarrollo de un proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de la morfofisiología de la célula eucariota para facilitar la enseñanza interactiva. Fueron generados ejercicios de diferentes tipos: como los de rellenar espacios en blanco, crucigramas, enlazar elementos relacionados en dos columnas, verdadero o falso, selección múltiple y ordenamiento de frases u oraciones. Las principales ventajas que ofrece el programa Hot Potatoes son: la corrección automática de los ejercicios (al finalizar cada ejercicio, el estudiante obtiene una calificación porcentual derivada tanto del número de aciertos como del de errores, así como del número de intentos que haya empleado antes de dar con la respuesta correcta) y, en segundo lugar, la posibilidad que se brinda al profesor de introducir información que explique por qué una respuesta es correcta o incorrecta (retroalimentación). Los ejercicios elaborados se incorporaron a las lecciones creadas para cada temática de forma tal que cada estudiante pudiera hacer una valoración de cuanto había aprendido al finalizar su estudio independiente. No existe en la actualidad una forma de organización de la enseñanza (clase taller) entre las conferencias y los seminarios en la que los estudiantes puedan profundizar y sistematizar los contenidos recibidos, de ahí que los ejercicios contribuyan significativamente al logro de las habilidades en cada tema

Measuring Vitamin D3 Metabolic Status, Comparison between Vitamin D Deficient and Sufficient Individuals

The main branch of vitamin D3 metabolism involves several hydroxylation reactions to obtain mono-, di- and trihydroxylated metabolites, including the circulating and active forms—25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3, respectively. However, most clinical trials strictly target the determination of 25(OH)D3 to offer a view of the metabolic status of vitamin D3. Due to the growing interest in expanding this restricted view, we have developed a method for measuring vitamin D3 metabolism by determination of vitamin D3, 25(OH)D3, 24,25(OH)2D3, 1,25(OH)2D3 and 1,24,25(OH)3D3 in human plasma. The method was based on SPE–LC–MS/MS with a large volume injection of human plasma (240 µL). Detection of di- and trihydroxymetabolites, found at the picogram per milliliter level, was attained by the combined action of high preconcentration and clean-up effects. The method allows obtaining information about ratios such as the known vitamin D metabolite ratio (24,25(OH)2D3/25(OH)D3), which can provide complementary views of vitamin D3 metabolic status. The method was applied to a cohort of obese patients and a reference cohort of healthy volunteers to find metabolic correlations between target analytes as well as differences as a function of vitamin D levels within and between cohorts

Estudio biométrico del bovino criollo de Santa Elena (Ecuador)

Se estudió una muestra de 217 animales adultos (198 hembras y 19 machos) de ganado bovino criollo de la provincia de Santa Elena (Ecuador) con el objetivo de realizar un análisis biométrico como base para su caracterización racial. Se obtuvieron los estadísticos descriptivos de 14 variables zoométricas, el peso vivo y 14 índices zoométricos. Asimismo, se efectuó un análisis de varianza con el sexo como factor de variación, se estimaron los coeficientes de correlación Pearson, así como se realizó un análisis de componentes principales a partir de los residuos de las variables. Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis multivariante para la diferenciación de poblaciones mediante análisis discriminante canónico utilizando 14 variables zoométricas y el peso vivo sobre una muestra de 1,388 hembras adultas (Lojano: 198; Manabí: 794; Santa Elena: 198; Tsachilas: 198). Los resultados obtenidos confirman que la población bovina de Santa Elena presenta tendencia eumétrica y un formato corporal intermedio respecto al resto de razas criollas, de tipo dolicocéfalo, proporciones corporales sublongilíneas y esqueleto fino, lo que confirma su predisposición a la producción lechera. En conjunto, los animales estudiados arrojan un moderado grado de homogeneidad y armonía, destacando la existencia de un moderado a elevado dimorfismo sexual que sugiere una gestión genética diferente entre sexos. El nivel de significancia de las funciones discriminantes, junto a las distancias de Mahalanobis y las distancias euclidianas individuales, demostró que cada raza tiene un patrón zoométrico distinto, lo que implica la clara diferenciación morfométrica entre las cuatro poblaciones