28 research outputs found
Microwave-assisted hydrolysis and extraction of tricyclic antidepressants from human hair
The objective of this research was to develop, optimize, and validate a modern, rapid method of preparation of human hair samples, using microwave irradiation, for analysis of eight tricyclic antidepressants (TCADs): nordoxepin, nortriptyline, imipramine, amitriptyline, doxepin, desipramine, clomipramine, and norclomipramine. It was based on simultaneous alkaline hair microwave-assisted hydrolysis and microwave-assisted extraction (MAHâMAE). Extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLCâDAD). A mixture of n-hexane and isoamyl alcohol (99:1, v/v) was used as extraction solvent and the process was performed at 60°C. Application of 1.0 mol Lâ1 NaOH and microwave irradiation for 40 min were found to be optimum for hair samples. Limits of detection ranged from 0.3 to 1.2 Όg gâ1 and LOQ from 0.9 to 4.0 Όg gâ1 for the different drugs. This enabled us to quantify them in hair samples within average therapeutic concentration ranges
Fast and selective analytical procedures for determination of persistent organic pollutants in food and feed using recent extraction techniques
This chapter describes the utilization of recent extraction techniques such as supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction for the determination of persistent organic pollutants in food and feed samples. These techniques have been developed because the extraction step can severely limit the entire analytical procedure. Several food crises, for example dioxins entering the food chain, have stressed the requirement for high sample throughput. Increased sample throughput can be obtained by using automated clean-up systems following the extraction process; however, these techniques are often very costly. This text aims at describing how a substantial decrease in the time spent on sample handling can be achieved with for example integrated clean-up strategies
Microwave-Assisted SPME/On-Fiber Derivatization of Chromium(III) in Water Followed by GC-MS Analysis
Microwave assisted extraction of polysaccharide
In this chapter, the use of microwave irradiation has been reviewed and dicussed for the extraction of polysaccharides as well as for combined processes involving extraction and hydrolysis of these compounds. Special attention has been paid to polysaccharides with bioactive properties. Fundamentals and instrumentation, together with a detailed discussion on the effect of the most important parameters affecting the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) process are presented. Some of the most recent and outstanding applications of MAE for the extraction of polysaccharides, mainly from food matrices or food byproducts, are described and classified according to the type of polysaccharide extracted. The comparison in terms of speed, yield, etc. of MAE with other conventional (solid-liquid extraction) or emerging techniques (pressurized liquid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction) is also shown. The scale-up of MAE technique and the development of hybrid systems (e.g. ultrasound-microwave-assisted extraction, UMAE) are presented as future trends. To conclude, MAE is presented as a promising emerging technique for extraction of polysaccharides from natural sources.Peer reviewe
Microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides
In this chapter, the use of microwave irradiation has been reviewed and discussed for the extraction of polysaccharides as well as for combined processes involving extraction and hydrolysis of these compounds. Special attention has been paid to polysaccharides with bioactive properties. Fundamentals and instrumentation, together with a detailed discussion on the effect of the most important parameters affecting the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) process, are presented. Some of the most recent and outstanding applications of MAE for the extraction of polysaccharides, mainly from food matrices or food by-products, are described and classified according to the type of polysaccharide extracted. The comparison in terms of speed, yield, etc. of MAE with other conventional (solidâliquid extraction) or emerging techniques (pressurized liquid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction) is also shown. The scale-up of MAE technique and the development of hybrid systems (e.g., ultrasonicâmicrowave-assisted extraction, UMAE) are shown as future trends. To conclude, MAE is shown as a promising emerging technique for extraction of polysaccharides from natural sources.This work has been funded by Ministerio de EconomĂa y Competitividad (project CTQ2012-32957), Junta de AndalucĂa (project AGR-7626), and Comunidad de Madrid (project Avansecal). L. Ruiz-Aceituno is supported by a JAE-Predoc grant from CSIC and cofinanced by the European Social Fund (ESF). A.C.S. thanks Ministerio de EconomĂa y Competitividad of Spain for a RamĂłn y Cajal contract.Peer reviewe