Appendix A. The Community Assembly by Trait Selection (CATS) model.

The Community Assembly by Trait Selection (CATS) model

Supplement 1. R script and two R functions to implement the analyses described in our paper.

<h2>File List</h2><blockquote> <p>R script: <a href="Shipley.script">Shipley.script</a> (md5: 3f49ef8fa2c8169aca9d9bc07a7c7bf9)</p> <p>R function: <a href="maxent2">maxent2</a> (md5: f4502d0134c1f7c0c59ef6b85e6235c9)</p> <p>R function: <a href="maxenttest2">maxenttest2</a> (md5: 33323061f78743cbb5fff8e254fc9e97)</p> </blockquote><h2>Description</h2><blockquote> <p>Shipley.script is a small R script that generated a small simulated data set consisting of six « species », one « trait » and a relative abundance distribution in the meta-community.  This script then calls “maxent2” and “maxenttest2” using different arguments and performs the decomposition described in the main paper.</p> <p>maxent2 is a modified version of the maxent function of the FD library in R, as cited in the main paper; the FD library will eventually be updated and this maxent2 function will replace the original maxent function.</p> <p>maxenttest2 is a modified version of the maxent.test function of the FD library in R, as cited in the main paper; the FD library will eventually be updated and this maxenttest2 function will replace the original maxent.test function.</p> </blockquote

SUPPLEMENTAL METHODS from Natural selection and outbreeding depression suggest adaptive differentiation in the invasive range of a clonal plant

Analyses of phenotypic selection and demography in field populations are powerful ways to establishing the potential role of natural selection in shaping evolution during biological invasions. Here we use experimental F2 crosses between native and introduced populations of <i>Mimulus guttatus</i> to estimate the pattern of natural selection in part of its introduced range, and to seek evidence of outbreeding depression of colonists. The F2s combined the genome of an introduced population with the genome of either native or introduced populations. We found that the introduced × introduced cross had the fastest population growth rate due to increased winter survival, clonality and seed production. Our analysis also revealed that selection through sexual fitness favoured large floral displays, large vegetative and flower size, lateral spread and early flowering. Our results indicate a source-of-origin effect, consistent with outbreeding depression exposed by mating between introduced and native populations. Our findings suggest that well-established non-native populations may pay a high fitness cost during subsequent bouts of admixture with native populations, and reveal that processes such as local adaptation in the invasive range can mediate the fitness consequences of admixture

Figure S5 from Natural selection and outbreeding depression suggest adaptive differentiation in the invasive range of a clonal plant

Analyses of phenotypic selection and demography in field populations are powerful ways to establishing the potential role of natural selection in shaping evolution during biological invasions. Here we use experimental F₂ crosses between native and introduced populations of <i>Mimulus guttatus</i> to estimate the pattern of natural selection in part of its introduced range, and to seek evidence of outbreeding depression of colonists. The F₂s combined the genome of an introduced population with the genome of either native or introduced populations. We found that the introduced × introduced cross had the fastest population growth rate owing to increased winter survival, clonality and seed production. Our analysis also revealed that selection through sexual fitness favoured large floral displays, large vegetative and flower size, lateral spread and early flowering. Our results indicate a source-of-origin effect, consistent with outbreeding depression exposed by mating between introduced and native populations. Our findings suggest that well-established non-native populations may pay a high fitness cost during subsequent bouts of admixture with native populations, and reveal that processes such as local adaptation in the invasive range can mediate the fitness consequences of admixture

Species descriptions

THis is basically Table 1. It summarises chaarcteristics of each species used in the study, linking the species codes (spcode) to the famil, genus and species of each taxon. column 'deciduous' indicates whether the species is deciduous or evergreen. Max height is in meters. Successional stage gives the rough shade tolerance of the taxon

Figure S3 from Natural selection and outbreeding depression suggest adaptive differentiation in the invasive range of a clonal plant

Analyses of phenotypic selection and demography in field populations are powerful ways to establishing the potential role of natural selection in shaping evolution during biological invasions. Here we use experimental F₂ crosses between native and introduced populations of <i>Mimulus guttatus</i> to estimate the pattern of natural selection in part of its introduced range, and to seek evidence of outbreeding depression of colonists. The F₂s combined the genome of an introduced population with the genome of either native or introduced populations. We found that the introduced × introduced cross had the fastest population growth rate owing to increased winter survival, clonality and seed production. Our analysis also revealed that selection through sexual fitness favoured large floral displays, large vegetative and flower size, lateral spread and early flowering. Our results indicate a source-of-origin effect, consistent with outbreeding depression exposed by mating between introduced and native populations. Our findings suggest that well-established non-native populations may pay a high fitness cost during subsequent bouts of admixture with native populations, and reveal that processes such as local adaptation in the invasive range can mediate the fitness consequences of admixture

Figure S2 from Natural selection and outbreeding depression suggest adaptive differentiation in the invasive range of a clonal plant

Analyses of phenotypic selection and demography in field populations are powerful ways to establishing the potential role of natural selection in shaping evolution during biological invasions. Here we use experimental F₂ crosses between native and introduced populations of <i>Mimulus guttatus</i> to estimate the pattern of natural selection in part of its introduced range, and to seek evidence of outbreeding depression of colonists. The F₂s combined the genome of an introduced population with the genome of either native or introduced populations. We found that the introduced × introduced cross had the fastest population growth rate owing to increased winter survival, clonality and seed production. Our analysis also revealed that selection through sexual fitness favoured large floral displays, large vegetative and flower size, lateral spread and early flowering. Our results indicate a source-of-origin effect, consistent with outbreeding depression exposed by mating between introduced and native populations. Our findings suggest that well-established non-native populations may pay a high fitness cost during subsequent bouts of admixture with native populations, and reveal that processes such as local adaptation in the invasive range can mediate the fitness consequences of admixture

Figure S4 from Natural selection and outbreeding depression suggest adaptive differentiation in the invasive range of a clonal plant

Analyses of phenotypic selection and demography in field populations are powerful ways to establishing the potential role of natural selection in shaping evolution during biological invasions. Here we use experimental F2 crosses between native and introduced populations of <i>Mimulus guttatus</i> to estimate the pattern of natural selection in part of its introduced range, and to seek evidence of outbreeding depression of colonists. The F2s combined the genome of an introduced population with the genome of either native or introduced populations. We found that the introduced × introduced cross had the fastest population growth rate due to increased winter survival, clonality and seed production. Our analysis also revealed that selection through sexual fitness favoured large floral displays, large vegetative and flower size, lateral spread and early flowering. Our results indicate a source-of-origin effect, consistent with outbreeding depression exposed by mating between introduced and native populations. Our findings suggest that well-established non-native populations may pay a high fitness cost during subsequent bouts of admixture with native populations, and reveal that processes such as local adaptation in the invasive range can mediate the fitness consequences of admixture

Figure S2 from Natural selection and outbreeding depression suggest adaptive differentiation in the invasive range of a clonal plant

Analyses of phenotypic selection and demography in field populations are powerful ways to establishing the potential role of natural selection in shaping evolution during biological invasions. Here we use experimental F2 crosses between native and introduced populations of <i>Mimulus guttatus</i> to estimate the pattern of natural selection in part of its introduced range, and to seek evidence of outbreeding depression of colonists. The F2s combined the genome of an introduced population with the genome of either native or introduced populations. We found that the introduced × introduced cross had the fastest population growth rate due to increased winter survival, clonality and seed production. Our analysis also revealed that selection through sexual fitness favoured large floral displays, large vegetative and flower size, lateral spread and early flowering. Our results indicate a source-of-origin effect, consistent with outbreeding depression exposed by mating between introduced and native populations. Our findings suggest that well-established non-native populations may pay a high fitness cost during subsequent bouts of admixture with native populations, and reveal that processes such as local adaptation in the invasive range can mediate the fitness consequences of admixture

Figure S6 from Natural selection and outbreeding depression suggest adaptive differentiation in the invasive range of a clonal plant

Analyses of phenotypic selection and demography in field populations are powerful ways to establishing the potential role of natural selection in shaping evolution during biological invasions. Here we use experimental F₂ crosses between native and introduced populations of <i>Mimulus guttatus</i> to estimate the pattern of natural selection in part of its introduced range, and to seek evidence of outbreeding depression of colonists. The F₂s combined the genome of an introduced population with the genome of either native or introduced populations. We found that the introduced × introduced cross had the fastest population growth rate owing to increased winter survival, clonality and seed production. Our analysis also revealed that selection through sexual fitness favoured large floral displays, large vegetative and flower size, lateral spread and early flowering. Our results indicate a source-of-origin effect, consistent with outbreeding depression exposed by mating between introduced and native populations. Our findings suggest that well-established non-native populations may pay a high fitness cost during subsequent bouts of admixture with native populations, and reveal that processes such as local adaptation in the invasive range can mediate the fitness consequences of admixture