13,528 research outputs found
The Lyman Break Galaxies: their Progenitors and Descendants
We study the evolution of Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs) from z=5 to z=0 by
tracing the merger trees of galaxies in a large-scale hydrodynamic simulation
based on a Lambda cold dark matter model. In particular, we emphasize on the
range of properties of the sample selected by the rest-frame V band luminosity,
in accordance with recent near-IR observations. The predicted rest-frame V band
luminosity function agrees well with the observed one when dust extinction is
taken into account. The stellar content and the star formation histories of
LBGs are also studied. We find that the LBGs intrinsically brighter than
Mv=-21.0 at z=3 have stellar masses of at least 10^9\Msun, with a median of
10^{10}h^{-1}\Msun. The brightest LBGs (Mv<-23) at z=3 merge into
clusters/groups of galaxies at z=0, as suggested from clustering studies of
LBGs. Roughly one half of the galaxies with -23<Mv<-22 at z=3 fall into
groups/clusters, and the other half become typical L* galaxies at z=0 with
stellar mass of ~10^{11}\Msun. Descendants of LBGs at the present epoch have
formed roughly 30% of their stellar mass by z=3, and the half of their current
stellar population is 10 Gyr old, favoring the scenario that LBGs are the
precursors of the present day spheroids. We find that the most luminous LBGs
have experienced a starburst within 500 Myr prior to z=3, but also have formed
stars continuously over a period of 1 Gyr prior to z=3 when all the star
formation in progenitors is coadded. We also study the evolution of the mean
stellar metallicity distribution of galaxies, and find that the entire
distribution shifts to lower metallicity at higher redshift. The observed
sub-solar metallicity of LBGs at z=3 is naturally predicted in our simulation.Comment: 29 pages, including 11 figures, ApJ in press. One reference adde
A high order compact scheme for hypersonic aerothermodynamics
A novel high order compact scheme for solving the compressible Navier-Stokes equations has been developed. The scheme is an extension of a method originally proposed for solving the Euler equations, and combines several techniques for the solution of compressible flowfields, such as upwinding, limiting and flux vector splitting, with the excellent properties of high order compact schemes. Extending the method to the Navier-Stokes equations is achieved via a Kinetic Flux Vector Splitting technique, which represents an unusual and attractive way to include viscous effects. This approach offers a more accurate and less computationally expensive technique than discretizations based on more conventional operator splitting. The Euler solver has been validated against several inviscid test cases, and results for several viscous test cases are also presented. The results confirm that the method is stable, accurate and has excellent shock-capturing capabilities for both viscous and inviscid flows
Multilevel Block Coded Modulation with Unequal Error Protection
Multilevel block coded modulation (BCM) schemes with unequal error protection (UEP) are investigated. These schemes are based on unconventional set partitions that greatly reduce the error coefficients associated with multi-stage decoding of conventional BCM, at the expense of smaller intra-set distances
Multilevel Coded Modulation for Unequal Error Protection and Multistage Decoding—Part II: Asymmetric Constellations
In this paper, multilevel coded asymmetric modulation with multistage decoding and unequal error protection (UEP) is discussed. These results further emphasize the fact that unconventional signal set partitionings are more promising than traditional (Ungerboeck-type) partitionings, to achieve UEP capabilities with multilevel coding and multistage decoding. Three types of unconventional partitionings are analyzed for asymmetric 8-PSK and 16-QAM constellations over the additive white Gaussian noise channel to introduce design guidelines. Generalizations to other PSK and QAM type constellations follow the same lines. Upper bounds on the bit-error probability based on union bound arguments are first derived. In some cases, these bounds become loose due to the large overlappings of decision regions associated with asymmetric constellations and unconventional partitionings. To overcome this problem, simpler and tighter approximated bounds are derived. Based on these bounds, it is shown that additional refinements can be achieved in the construction of multilevel UEP codes, by introducing asymmetries in PSK and QAM signal constellations
Multilevel Coded Modulation for Unequal Error Protection and Multistage Decoding—Part I: Symmetric Constellations
In this paper, theoretical upper bounds and computer simulation results on the error performance of multilevel block coded modulations for unequal error protection (UEP) and multistage decoding are presented. It is shown that nonstandard signal set partitionings and multistage decoding provide excellent UEP capabilities beyond those achievable with conventional coded modulation. The coding scheme is designed in such a way that the most important information bits have a lower error rate than other information bits. The large effective error coefficients, normally associated with standard mapping by set partitioning, are reduced by considering nonstandard partitionings of the underlying signal set. The bits-to-signal mappings induced by these partitionings allow the use of soft-decision decoding of binary block codes. Moreover, parallel operation of some of the staged decoders is possible, to achieve high data rate transmission, so that there is no error propagation between these decoders. Hybrid partitionings are also considered that trade off increased intraset distances in the last partition levels with larger effective error coefficients in the middle partition levels. The error performance of specific examples of multilevel codes over 8-PSK and 64-QAM signal sets are simulated and compared with theoretical upper bounds on the error performance
Coded Modulation for Satellite Broadcasting
In this paper, three-level block coded 8-PSK modulations, suitable for satellite broadcasting of digital TV signals, are presented. A design principle to achieve unequal error protection is introduced. The coding scheme is designed in such a way that the information bits carrying the basic definition TV signal have a lower error rate than the high definition information bits. The large error coefficients, formally associated with standard mapping by set partitioning, are reduced by considering a nonstandard partition of an 8-PSK signal set. The bits-to-signal mapping induced by this partition allows the use of suboptimal low-complexity soft-decision decoding of binary block codes. Parallel operation of the first and second stage decoders is possible, for high data rate transmission. Furthermore, there is no error propagation from the first-stage decoder to the second-stage decoder
Construction of a polarization insensitive lens from a quasi-isotropic metamaterial slab
We propose to employ the quasiisotropic metamaterial (QIMM) slab to construct
a polarization insensitive lens, in which both E- and H-polarized waves exhibit
the same refocusing effect. For shallow incident angles, the QIMM slab will
provide some degree of refocusing in the same manner as an isotropic negative
index material. The refocusing effect allows us to introduce the ideas of
paraxial beam focusing and phase compensation by the QIMM slab. On the basis of
angular spectrum representation, a formalism describing paraxial beams
propagating through a QIMM slab is presented. Because of the negative phase
velocity in the QIMM slab, the inverse Gouy phase shift and the negative
Rayleigh length of paraxial Gaussian beam are proposed. We find that the phase
difference caused by the Gouy phase shift in vacuum can be compensated by that
caused by the inverse Gouy phase shift in the QIMM slab. If certain matching
conditions are satisfied, the intensity and phase distributions at object plane
can be completely reconstructed at image plane. Our simulation results show
that the superlensing effect with subwavelength image resolution could be
achieved in the form of a QIMM slab.Comment: 25 pages, 8 figure
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