10 research outputs found

    Two types of epistemic instrumentalism

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    Epistemic instrumentalism views epistemic norms and epistemic normativity as essentially involving the instrumental relation between means and ends. It construes notions like epistemic normativity, norms, and rationality, as forms of instrumental or means-end normativity, norms, and rationality. I do two main things in this paper. In part 1, I argue that there is an under-appreciated distinction between two independent types of epistemic instrumentalism. These are instrumentalism about epistemic norms and instrumentalism about epistemic normativity. In part 2, I argue that this under-appreciated distinction matters for the debate surrounding the plausibility of EI. Specifically, whether we interpret EI as norm-EI or as source-EI matters for the widely discussed universality or categoricity objection to EI, and for two important motivations for adopting EI, namely naturalism and the practical utility of epistemic norms. I will then conclude by drawing some lessons for epistemic instrumentalism going forward

    Peut-on ĂȘtre blĂąmĂ© pour ses croyances? : le dĂ©ontologisme Ă©pistĂ©mique face au problĂšme de l'involontarisme doxastique

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    Peut-on parfois ĂȘtre blĂąmĂ© pour ses croyances ? Selon les partisans du dĂ©ontologisme Ă©pistĂ©mique, la pratique ordinaire consistant Ă  blĂąmer et critiquer les gens pour leurs croyances est tout Ă  fait lĂ©gitime. Toutefois, d’autres philosophes soutiennent que malgrĂ© son omniprĂ©sence dans la vie de tous les jours, le blĂąme doxastique n’est jamais appropriĂ©. En effet, selon l’argument Ă  partir de l’involontarisme doxastique, nous ne pouvons jamais ĂȘtre blĂąmĂ©s pour nos croyances puisque (1) nous pouvons ĂȘtre blĂąmĂ©s pour une croyance seulement si elle est sous notre contrĂŽle volontaire et (2) nos croyances ne sont jamais sous notre contrĂŽle volontaire. Le but de ce mĂ©moire est de dĂ©terminer si les dĂ©ontologistes peuvent rĂ©pondre de maniĂšre convaincante Ă  cet argument. Autrement dit, pouvons-nous parfois ĂȘtre blĂąmĂ©s pour nos croyances malgrĂ© ce qu’en disent les anti-dĂ©ontologistes, ou faut-il leur donner raison et rejeter la pratique du blĂąme doxastique ? Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  cette question, je commence par clarifier l’argument anti-dĂ©ontologiste en prĂ©cisant la teneur de sa thĂšse centrale : l’involontarisme doxastique. Par la suite, je passe en revue diffĂ©rentes stratĂ©gies qui ont Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©es par des reprĂ©sentants du dĂ©ontologisme pour dĂ©fendre le blĂąme doxastique contre cet argument. Devant l’échec de ces rĂ©ponses, je suggĂšre une dĂ©fense alternative du dĂ©ontologisme selon laquelle l’involontarisme doxastique n’est pas incompatible avec le blĂąme doxastique. Si cette rĂ©ponse est concluante, alors nous n’avons pas Ă  donner raison aux anti-dĂ©ontologistes : nous pouvons parfois ĂȘtre blĂąmĂ©s pour nos croyances.Can we sometimes be blamed for our beliefs ? According to epistemic deontologism, the ordinary practice of blaming and criticizing people for their beliefs is a legitimate one. However, some philosophers argue that despite its pervasiveness in everyday life, doxastic blame is never appropriate. According to the argument from doxastic involuntarism, we can never be blamed for our beliefs since (1) we can be blamed for a belief only if it is under our voluntary control, and (2) our beliefs are never under our voluntary control. The goal of this thesis is to determine whether deontologists can reply convincingly to this argument. In other words, can we sometimes be blamed for our beliefs despite what anti-deontologists claim, or do we have to accept the argument from doxastic involuntarism and reject the practice of doxastic blame ? In order to answer that question, I first clarify the anti-deontologist argument by making more precise the nature of its central thesis: doxastic involuntarism. I then review different strategies proposed by deontologists to defend doxastic blame against this argument. Given the failure of these replies, I propose an alternative defense of deontologism according to which doxastic involuntarism is not incompatible with doxastic blame. If this reply is sound, then we do not have to accept the anti-deontologist argument: we can sometimes be blamed for our beliefs

    Epistemic deontologism and the voluntarist strategy against doxastic involuntarism

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    According to the deontological conception of epistemic justification, a belief is justified when it is our obligation or duty as rational creatures to believe it. However, this view faces an important objection according to which we cannot have such epistemic obligations since our beliefs are never under our voluntary control. One possible strategy against this argument is to show that we do have voluntary control over some of our beliefs, and that we therefore have epistemic obligations. This is what I call the voluntarist strategy. I examine it and argue that it is not promising. I show how the voluntarist attempts of Carl Ginet and Brian Weatherson fail, and conclude that it would be more fruitful for deontologists to look for a different strategy

    Harry Frankfurt peut-il sauver le blùme doxastique ? Possibilités alternatives épistémiques et involontarisme doxastique

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    Peut-on ĂȘtre blĂąmĂ© pour ses croyances ? Bien qu’il s’agisse d’une pratique courante et en apparence lĂ©gitime, le blĂąme doxastique entre en conflit avec deux thĂšses intuitivement plausibles. D’un cĂŽtĂ©, il semble que nous puissions seulement ĂȘtre blĂąmĂ©s pour ce qui est sous notre contrĂŽle volontaire. Mais de l’autre, il est largement admis que la croyance est un Ă©tat fondamentalement passif et involontaire (l’involontarisme doxastique). Il s’ensuit que nous ne pouvons jamais ĂȘtre blĂąmĂ©s pour nos croyances. Le prĂ©sent article examine la rĂ©ponse que propose Christoph JĂ€ger Ă  cet argument. Sa stratĂ©gie consiste Ă  invoquer le rejet, par Harry Frankfurt, du principe des possibilitĂ©s alternatives contre la thĂšse voulant que nous puissions seulement ĂȘtre blĂąmĂ©s pour nos croyances si elles sont sous notre contrĂŽle volontaire. J’aimerais montrer que l’argument de JĂ€ger n’est pas concluant et, plus gĂ©nĂ©ralement, que la stratĂ©gie qu’il adopte aboutit inĂ©vitablement Ă  un dilemme

    Epistemic consequentialism, veritism, and scoring rules

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    We argue that there is a tension between two monistic claims that are the core of recent work in epistemic consequentialism. The first is a form of monism about epistemic value, commonly known as veritism: accuracy is the sole final objective to be promoted in the epistemic domain. The other is a form of monism about a class of epistemic scoring rules: that is, strictly proper scoring rules are the only legitimate measures of inaccuracy. These two monisms, we argue, are in tension with each other. If only accuracy has final epistemic value, then there are legitimate alternatives to strictly proper scoring rules. Our argument relies on the way scoring rules are used in contexts where accuracy is rewarded, such as education

    Low-concentration methylene blue maintains energy production and strongly improves survival of leigh syndrome french canadian skin fibroblasts

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    Leigh syndrome French Canadian (LSFC) is a recessive disease caused by mutations in the LRPPRC gene (leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat containing protein). These mutations induce a cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficiency resulting in episodes of acute acidotic crisis that will often lead to death. There is no effective treatment. Methylene blue (MB) is a redox dye that increases COX content and activity in vitro and in vivo suggesting that MB could prevent and treat LSFC. In this study, the protective effect of low-concentration MB was tested on two LSFC cell lines, including LSFC-F1, homozygous for the mutation A354V, and LSFC-F2 a compound heterozygous for the mutations A354V and C12775STOP. MB effect on metabolic activity was assessed on both LSFC cells in stable and acidotic conditions. For LSFC-F1, results showed that metabolic activity drastically decline after 96 hours in both conditions but not LSFC-F2 and normal cells. MB completely prevents the decrease of metabolic activity in LSFC-F1. Intracellular ATP content was also measured in both culture media. After 96 hours in acidotic medium, ATP content was almost completely depleted for both LSFC cells. Interestingly, MB completely restores ATP content in LSFC-F1 and LSFC-F2 cells. Finally, MB strongly improves the survival of both LSFC cells. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page

    Is Epistemic Normativity Value-Based?

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    Le Pays trahi

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    Un gouvernement qui rĂšgne sur un semblant de parlement, des villages et des villes Ă  Ă©teindre, mais rien Ă  justifier, des rĂ©gions Ă  dĂ©truire pour engraisser le pĂŽle, des campagnes Ă  souiller sous monceau de lisier, des forĂȘts Ă  sortir coupĂ©es en madriers, des terres Ă  inonder au profit du voisin, un peuple gavĂ© de mensonges, projet de satiĂ©tĂ© sans la sociĂ©tĂ©, dĂ©mocratie bannie et citoyen maudit. Dans mon Pays trahi, des ministres sont venus en secret nous arracher la terre, pour l'inonder plus tard sous prĂ©textes humanitaires, semeurs de dĂ©sespoir dĂ©portant nos enfants. Nous nous sommes levĂ©s, nous avons refusĂ©. DĂ©sormais lutterons pour protĂ©ger maison, famille, paysageet une certaine lumiĂšre inscrite en nos visages. Cet ouvrage d'exception est le fruit du labeur de six citoyens du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean. Le 14 juillet 2000, ils ont refusĂ© que le gouvernement du QuĂ©bec aliĂšne, en secret et au mĂ©pris des citoyens de leur Pays, de vastes pans du territoire de leur rĂ©gion. À travers vingt textes accessibles de rĂ©flexion et d'analyse, les auteurs montrent les liens qui existent entre ce geste sans prĂ©cĂ©dent et l'orientation politique qui, depuis trente ans, dĂ©truit les rĂ©gions, les vidant de leurs jeunes, saccageant leur tissu social et leur environnement, pillant leurs ressources. Une orientation qui nie l'Ă©galitĂ© des chances et le droit Ă  la citoyennetĂ©. Solidement documentĂ©, ce livre offre au lecteur prĂ©occupĂ© par l'avenir de sa communautĂ© et du QuĂ©bec des pistes de rĂ©flexion et d'Ă©veil ..
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