USE OF THE FLIGHT TEST FACILITY MOCK-UPS IN THE EUROPEAN CLEAN SKY 2 PROGRAM

The Clean Sky 2 program unites all major European players in the aeronautical sector to conduct research on future, more energy efficient aircrafts with lower environmental footprint. Besides technologies developments, the demonstration of technologies in dedicated test environments is a key element of this research program. The Fraunhofer Flight Test Facility is such a platform for technology demonstration. Located in Holzkirchen, south of Munich, it hosts several aircraft fuselage structures and allows for indoor environmental tests under realistic temperature, moisture and pressure conditions. In this paper, demonstrations performed within Clean Sky 2 are highlighted. These include an adaptive ECS system, environmentally friendly fire protection, model validation tests for ETOPS considerations and cleaning and disinfection demonstrations

Predicting aerosol transmission in airplanes: Benefits of a joint approach using experiments and simulation

peer reviewedWe investigate the transmission of aerosol particles in an airplane cabin with a joint approach using experiments and simulation. Experiments were conducted in a realistic aircraft cabin with heated dummies acting as passengers. A Sheffield head with an aerosol generator was used to emulate an infected passenger and particle numbers were measured at different locations throughout the cabin to quantify the exposure of other passengers. The same setting was simulated with a computational fluid dynamics model consisting of a Lagrange continuous phase for capturing the air flow, coupled with a Lagrange suspended discrete phase to represent the aerosols. Virtual measurements were derived from the simulation and compared with the experiments. Our main results are: the experimental setup provides good measurements well suited for model validation, the simulation does correctly reproduce the fundamental mechanisms of aerosol dispersion and simulations can help to improve the understanding of aerosol transmission for example by visualizing particle distributions. Furthermore, with findings from the simulation it was possible to crucially improve the experimental setup, proving that feedback between the numerical and the hardware world is indeed beneficial

Particulate matter versus airborne viruses : distinctive differences between filtering and inactivating air cleaning technologies

The current pandemic of the SARS-CoV-2 virus requires measures to reduce the risk of infection. In addition to the usual hygiene measures, air cleaners are a recommended solution to decrease the viral load in rooms. Suitable technologies range from pure filters to inactivating units, such as cold plasma or UVC irradiation. Such inactivating air cleaners, partly combined with filter technology, are available on the market in various designs, dimensions and technical specifications. Since it is not always clear whether they may produce undesirable by-products, and the suitability for particular applications cannot be assessed on the basis of the principle of operation, the effectivity of six inactivating devices was investigated in a near-real environment. The investigations were based on a standard method published by the VDI. The procedure was extended in such a way that a permanent virus source was simulated, which corresponds to the presence of a person suffering from COVID-19 in a room. The study addresses the difference of the mere presence of viruses to the determination of the virulence. As a result, a deep understanding is provided between the behavior of a virus as a pure aerosolized particle and its real infectivity in order to enable the assessment of suitable air cleaners.Bavarian State Ministry for Economic AffairsMinistry of Science, Research and the Arts Baden-Württember

A Reuseable Data Structure Model for Privacy Policies of Smartwatches

<p>This class diagram model (PrivacyPolicyModel.cd) describes relevant concepts of privacy policies of smart watches. It was developed within the BMBF funded InvIDas project (<a href="https://invidas.gi.de/">https://invidas.gi.de/</a>). Within the InviDas project, we ensure that users of smart wearables, such as fitness watches, will have better insight into their data profiles and will be able to make informed decisions more easily. New forms of data visualization and gamification are being researched, with which both manufacturers and users can make data privacy policies more comprehensible and transparent.</p> <p>The class diagram model is defined using the MontiCore UML/P Class Diagram 4 Analysis (CD4A) language (<a href="https://github.com/MontiCore/cd4analysis">https://github.com/MontiCore/cd4analysis</a>).<br>It is instantiated as an object diagram for two concrete smartwatch privacy policies (garmin.od and fitbit.od) using the MontiCore UML/P Object Diagram (OD) language (<a href="https://github.com/MontiCore/object-diagram">https://github.com/MontiCore/object-diagram</a>). </p> <p>Creators are in alphabetic order.</p&gt

How fast do construction materials for indoor use act as VOC sinks?

Most building products do not only act as primary emission sources for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) but also as sinks and secondary sources. The sink behaviour of a carpet tile and a wood based ceiling panel was examined by a real-scale experiment. A single VOC event in a real room was provoked by injection of a VOC mixture into the incoming pipe of the HVAC system. A carpet tile and a ceiling panel were stored in the contaminated room. After one day these samples were removed and their VOC emissions were examined by an emission test chamber experiment (ETC) and by thermal extraction (TE)

Feldversuche und Simulationsansätze zur Wirksamkeit von Luftentkeimern mit UV-C-Quellen unter Berücksichtigung der Strömungsverhältnisse im Raum

UV-C (Ultraviolette Strahlung) wird seit Jahrzehnten in der Wasseraufbereitung (Sterilisation) und in RLT (Raumlufttechnischen)-Anlagen zur Desinfektion der Luft wie z.B. in Operationssälen in Krankenhäusern gegen verschiedenste pathogene Keime erfolgreich eingesetzt. Labormessungen und Feldversuche von Luftreinigern mit innenliegenden UV-C-Quellen sowie von indirekt nach oben strahlenden Luftreinigern (Upper-Air) zeigen die Wirksamkeit der UV-C-Luftreiniger gegenüber Keimen in der Luft. Durch neuartige kombinierte strahlungs- und raumlufttechnische Simulationsansätze kann die Bewertung der Wirksamkeit von Luftentkeimern auch rechnerisch ermittelt werden

Incremental Evaluation Model for the Analysis of Indoor Air Measurements

The investigation of the cleaning effectiveness of air cleaners under realistic conditions is challenging. Mathematical models are needed to extract characteristic properties of the air cleaning system from experimental data. An incremental evaluation model based on a source term and a total first-order loss coefficient in each segment was developed to analyze indoor particle measurements. The application of the model is demonstrated using two scenarios, one in a well-mixed testing room and another in a fully equipped aircraft cabin at 750 hPa with a typical aircraft ventilation system. In the first scenario, a normalized version of the model is used to eliminate the source’s influence. For the investigation in the aircraft cabin, the model served to extract temporal and spatial resolved source terms and first-order loss coefficients. The incremental evaluation model is applicable to enhance the certification of air cleaners. The application of the model is not only limited to particles; measurements of gaseous compounds like ozone, carbon dioxide, or volatile organic compounds can be evaluated analogously. The model’s utility for the data analysis of experiments with complex flow conditions should be studied in further investigations

Particulate Matter versus Airborne Viruses—Distinctive Differences between Filtering and Inactivating Air Cleaning Technologies

The current pandemic of the SARS-CoV-2 virus requires measures to reduce the risk of infection. In addition to the usual hygiene measures, air cleaners are a recommended solution to decrease the viral load in rooms. Suitable technologies range from pure filters to inactivating units, such as cold plasma or UVC irradiation. Such inactivating air cleaners, partly combined with filter technology, are available on the market in various designs, dimensions and technical specifications. Since it is not always clear whether they may produce undesirable by-products, and the suitability for particular applications cannot be assessed on the basis of the principle of operation, the effectivity of six inactivating devices was investigated in a near-real environment. The investigations were based on a standard method published by the VDI. The procedure was extended in such a way that a permanent virus source was simulated, which corresponds to the presence of a person suffering from COVID-19 in a room. The study addresses the difference of the mere presence of viruses to the determination of the virulence. As a result, a deep understanding is provided between the behavior of a virus as a pure aerosolized particle and its real infectivity in order to enable the assessment of suitable air cleaners

Aligned Networks of Engineered Fibrillar Fibronectin Guide Cellular Orientation and Motility

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/168273/1/sstr202000137.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/168273/2/sstr202000137_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/168273/3/sstr202000137-sup-0001-SuppData-S1.pd

Aligned Networks of Engineered Fibrillar Fibronectin Guide Cellular Orientation and Motility

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/168273/1/sstr202000137.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/168273/2/sstr202000137_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/168273/3/sstr202000137-sup-0001-SuppData-S1.pd