EVALUASI DAN RENCANA PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM PENYEDIAAN AIR BERSIH PDAM KABUPATEN SRAGEN DAERAH PELAYANAN KECAMATAN SIDOHARJO

Sub Sidoharjo in Sragen, Central Java Province, with the number of villages as many as 12 villages and the planning area as much as six villages. District population growth rate is 0.19% Sidoharjo per year. Increasing population and development needs of the region led to the fulfillment of public facilities such as clean water supplies have also increased. At this time, Water Unit serving Sidoharjo 6.7% of the population of Sub Sidoharho and has a production capacity of wells in a 20 l / s with a duration of service for 24 hours. Based on the results of the evaluation and analysis, there are some things that need to be done to improve the existing system in order to develop clean water supply systems. Development planned for the year 2009 - 2019 with the improvement of services to reach 2-3% per year and the year 2019 reached 39.13%. For the development of raw water sources are wells pungkruk increase capacity to 40 liters / second and the location of wells in addition to the purwosuman flow 20 liters / second. Keywords: water supply, evaluation, development, service

The Influence of Salt Solution on Morphological Changes in a Geosynthetic Clay Liner

Morphological variations of geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) samples, hydrated with two different permeates, distilled water and NaCl solution (100 mM concentration), were observed in detail using microscopic analysis. After the GCL samples were hydrated with the NaCl solution, they were observed with an optical microscope. While the surface of the treated GCL samples was similar to the surface of the untreated GCL, a crystal deposit was found on the surface of the treated samples. Using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a more solid appearance was observed for the bentonite particles contained in the GCL after the sample was hydrated with distilled water in comparison to the GCL sample that was hydrated with the NaCl solution. It appears that salt solution hydration results in less swelling of the bentonite particles. Furthermore, the energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) results showed that distilled water hydration had no effect on the distribution of the elements contained in the GCL samples. However, bound chlorine was observed, which demonstrated that the bentonite particles had absorbed the NaCl solution. In addition, changes in the hydraulic conductivity of the hydrated GCL samples were also observed

Investigation of the Strength of Carbon-Sand Mixture

The greatest stress that a composite soil can sustain is a critical value when dealing with slope stability, bearing capacity and lateral earth pressure. Cohesion and internal friction of soil composite particles will create tension and retain any stresses which are applied to the composite material. The soil composite will remain secure unless the applied external stress reaches its shear capacity. This research examined composite materials consisting of sand and various percentages of carbon. The sand used in this experiment was yellow sand which is available in Western Australia. For the purpose of testing strength, three different percentages of carbon (5, 10 and 15) were added and mixed homogenously with the sand. The strength of the composite material was tested using a small direct shear machine, in order to determine the effect of the presence of carbon on the soil strength. The experiment results provided evidences that the presence of carbon influenced the shear performance of the sand, with the shear strength of the sand-carbon composite being significantly lower than that of pure sand. The more carbon that was added to the mixture, the lower the shear strength. Carbon also takes up initial moisture content in the sand during the mixing process. The results of this research are potentially very useful in the geotechnical field, particularly with regard to construction sites containing carbon

Penentuan Indikator Kualitas Tanah dari Reklamasi Bekas Tambang

Setyani I, Budihardjo MA, Muhammad F.  2020. The determination of soil quality indicators from ex-mining reclamation. In: Herlinda S et al. (Eds.), Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lahan Suboptimal ke-8 Tahun 2020, Palembang  20 Oktober 2020. pp. xx. Palembang: Penerbit & Percetakan Universitas Sriwijaya (UNSRI).Soil plays a role in maintaining and improving environmental quality. As a result of mining activities, the soil quality will decline. There are six key indicators to determine the recommended soil quality, namely soil organic matter content, soil acidity, soil bulk density, available water capacity, soil aggregation and respiration. There is also a need for a policy regarding reclamation as a form of controlling ex-mining land. Reclamation is a soil management activity which includes improving the physical condition of the soil, constructing reservoirs to improve the quality of mine water, and revegetation activities. Reclamation activities must be carried out in an effort to reduce environmental damage and divert the function of ex-mining land into agricultural land. This paper aims to explain the determination of soil quality indicators and the factors that support the success of ex-mining land reclamation. With the success of reclamation carried out on ex-mining land, it is hoped that environmental sustainability and agricultural sustainability can be maintained to support food security

Prediction of Heavy Metal Contamination from Landfill: Lead and Chromium

Leachate from unsorted solid waste landfill usually contains a variety of hazardous compounds including heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) which may contaminate soil and groundwater in the area surrounding the landfill. To minimize leachate contamination, there must be an impermeable liner beneath the landfill which functions as a leachate barrier. However, there is always the possibility for leachate to seep through the barrier and migrate to the soil and groundwater surrounding the landfill. It is useful for solid waste landfill management authorities to be able to predict the potential for leachate migration to the subsoil during landfill operations and after closure. This research aims to simulate the migration of heavy metal contaminants from a landfill area based on the initial Pb and Cr concentrations at the bottom of the landfill. This research also estimates the Pb and Cr concentration in soil at various depths beneath the landfill over 12 years. The concentrations of both Pb and Cr dropped significantly by more than 70% of their initial concentration when passing through the impermeable liner. Meanwhile, the predicted accumulated concentration of Pb and Crin the subsoil seemed to increase slightly during the 12 years of the simulation. Results also indicated that the Pb and Cr concentrations in all landfill layers under the impermeable layer tend to increase significantly during the first five years of the simulation. Based on the initial concentrations, it was predicted that both of these contaminants could potentially contaminate groundwater surrounding the landfill

Application of Wood to Sand-slag and its Effect on Soil Strength

In certain situations, sand is required to have extra shear strength to provide more safety, stability and support for structures. Shear strength in sand arises from friction and resistance between particles. The most common means of increasing the shear strength of sand is the cementation method. Another practice is using an additive such as slag. Some studies show that wood has also been used to improve soil strength, mostly for soft and expansive soil. However, there is limited information available on sand. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to determine whether the shear strength of a sand-slag mixture is affected by the addition of wood. Baldivis sand, a locally sourced material, was used in the experiment because it has been widely used in construction and geotechnical projects in Western Australia. The shear strength of the sand-slag-wood material was determined using an automated direct shear testing machine. There were a number of variations in test conditions, including as the amount of wood introduced into the sand-slag, the percentage of slag in the sand, the gaps between the wood, and wood orientation. The results showed that the shear strength of the sand-slag mixture tended to be enhanced by the presence of wood. The sand-slag mixture containing wood seemed to be stronger than the sand-slag without wood or the pure sand. The position of the wood also contributed to the improvement in shear strength. Placing the wood vertical to the shear direction resulted in greater strength than when the wood was positioned horizontally. From these results, it can be concluded that wood is another potential means of enhancing the shear strength of sand-slag mixture. The quantity of wood and the way it is arranged, such as distance and direction, may result in different levels of improvement to the shear strength of the sand-slag

Black Carbon Concentration in Kitchens Using Fire-Wood and Kerosene Fuels

In this study, the magnitude of black carbon (BC) in the kitchen bas quantified in giving a preliminary picture about its potential on human health burden. BC concentration was derived from PM10 measurements by means of Smoke Stain Reflectometer quantifying during cooking and off-cooking. Sampled households bas characterized by two groups i.e use wood and kerosene fuel each of which had been measured during cooking and off-cooking. The result of the research showed that The kitchen use fire-wood fuel in cooking condition, BC concentration were in the range 35.25± 0,23 to 83,803 ± 0.37 µg m-3, while for off-cooking condition it showed 3.59 ± 0.06 to 8.98 ± 1.02 µg m-3. In contrast, lower BC concentration was performed in kitchens use kerosene fuel where for cooking condition which it reached up to 6.90 ± 0.06 – 22.29 ± 0.46 µg m-3, and it exhibited only 2.32 ± 0.04 – 5.74 ± 0.1 µg m-3 during off-cooking condition. The findings suggest black carbon concentration on average introduce high risk towards human health in cooking using fire-wood fuel

Footing Under Static Loading: Land Subsidence

Land and footing subsidence caused by groundwater extraction is a source of many problems for buildings and infrastructures. This study aims at extending the knowledge of footing subsidence causing by ground water pumping by considering various well and load conditions. The approach is to use PLAXIS simulation to investigate the influence of well conditions on the subsidence of surface footing subjected to combined distributed load. A number of soil models with plain strain, homogeneous and transient flow behavior were built. While the groundwater extraction rate was set up at 20 m3/day for each well, the obvious influence of important parameters including well numbers, well location and load magnitude on footing subsidence and surface profile were investigated. It was found that increasing the number of wells will trigger greater footing subsidence, while the location of the wells will slightly affect the surface profile of both the aquifer and footing. In this study, the effect of distributed load above the footing to the footing itself was also investigated by doubling the distributed load applied. The simulation results showed that distributed load significantly contribute to the subsidence of footing