Prediction of No Increase in Myopia in Rural Students with Low Educational Facilities Compared to Urban Areas During the Covid-19 Epidemic in Iran

1.Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus. 2.Salimi R, Gomar R, Heshmati B. The COVID-19 outbreak in Iran. Journal of Global Health 2020; 10(1): . 010365. 3.Wang G, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhang J, Jiang F. Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet 2020; 395(10228): 945-7. 4.Mohan A, Sen P, Peeush P, Shah C, Jain E. Impact of online classes and home confinement on myopia progression in children during COVID-19 pandemic: digital eye strain among kids (DESK) study 4. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2022; 70(1): 241. 5.Saw SM. Epidemiology of myopia. Epidemiologic Reviews 1996; 18(2): 175-87. 6.Medina A. The cause of myopia development and progression: Theory, evidence, and treatment. Survey of ophthalmology 2022; 67(2): 488-509. 7.Saxena R, Vashist P, Tandon R, Pandey RM, Bhardawaj A, Gupta V, Menon V. Incidence and progression of myopia and associated factors in urban school children in Delhi: The North India Myopia Study (NIM Study). PloS one 2017; 12(12): e0189774. 8.Sherwin JC, Reacher MH, Keogh RH, Khawaja AP, Mackey DA, Foster PJ. The association between time spent outdoors and myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 2012; 119(10): 2141-51. Armaghane-danesh, Yasuj University of                                                                                   Letter to the Editor Sciences Journal (YUMSJ) Prediction of No Increase in Myopia in Rural Students with Low Educational Facilities Compared to Urban Areas During the Covid-19 Epidemic in Iran Vafapour H1*, Vafapour F2, Borzoui Sileh S1 1Department of Radiology, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran, 2Department of Internal Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Iran  [email protected]  [email protected] Abstract The start of the corona virus epidemic was from China, this epidemic changed the lifestyle in different countries. One of the most important changes was in the field of education. Many education systems around the world changed from face-to-face to face-to-face and virtual. Students were forced to spend too much time at home looking at digital screens. Long-term presence in the closed environment of houses led to many problems, including obesity, mental and intellectual problems, and most importantly, the increase in the incidence of myopia. In the meantime, students in rural and low-income areas were forced to attend in-person education in schools due to the lack of non-attendance education facilities. We believe that the mentioned problems, including myopia, in these people are due to exposure to risk factors that were less in the other group. 291   287 274 27

Induction of Resistance Against Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep.: Plutellidae) by Jasmonic Acid and Mealy Cabbage Aphid Feeding in Brassica napus L.

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), has become the most destructive insect pest of cruciferous plants, such as B. napus throughout the world including Iran. In this study, the induction of resistance was activated in oilseed rape plants (Brassica napus L.) using foliar application of jasmonic acid (JA) and mealy cabbage aphid either individually or in combination against diamondback moth. Induced resistance by inducers significantly reduced the population growth parameters, as well as the survival rate of immature P. xylostella. Also, the nutritional indices of P. xylostella were studied to evaluate the potential impact of induced resistance on the insect feeding behavior. The values of the efficiency of conversion of ingested food, the efficiency of conversion of digested food, relative consumption rate, and relative growth rate of P. xylostella on JA-treated plants were significantly reduced compared to control. These are because glucosinolates and proteinase inhibitors are induced following treatment of plants. Also, we found a significantly higher glucose oxidase activity in the salivary gland extracts of larvae fed on JA treatment. These results express that JA and/or Aphid application induces systemic defenses in oilseed rape that have a negative effect on P. xylostella fitness. These findings develop our knowledge the effects of induced defenses on P. xylostella