2,918 research outputs found
Incidence and type of bicuspid aortic valve in two model species
Incidence and type of bicuspid aortic
valve in two model species.
MC Fernández 1,2, A López-García 1,2, MT Soto 1,
AC Durán 1,2 and B Fernández 1,2.
1 Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Spain.
2 Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA),
University of Málaga, Spain.
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most frequent human congenital cardiac malformation, with an incidence of 1–2% worldwide. Two morphological types exist: type A (incidence 0.75–1.25%) and type B (incidence 0.25–0.5%), each with a distinct aetiology and natural history. Currently, ten animal models of BAV have been described in two different rodent species: one spontaneous Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) model of BAV type A and nine mutant laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) models of BAV type B. It remains to be elucidated whether the mutations leading to BAV in these models are typespecific or whether there are inter-specific differences regarding the type of BAV that hamsters, mice and humans may develop.
To solve this issue, we have characterized the incidence and types of BAVs in four inbred, two outbred and two hybrid lines of Syrian hamsters (n=4,340) and in three inbred, three outbred and one hybrid lines of laboratory mice (n=1,661) by means of stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, we have reviewed and calculated the incidence and type of BAVs in the published papers dealing with this anomaly in mice.
Our results indicate that the Syrian hamster develops BAVs type A and B including a variety of morphologies comparable to those of humans, whereas the mouse develops only BAVs type B with a short spectrum of valve morphologies. Thus, inter-specific differences between human and mouse aortic valves must be taken into consideration when studying valve disease in murine models.
This work was supported by P10-CTS-6068.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. P10-CTS-6068
Contribution of Xenopus model to a better understanding of cardiac outflow tract
Contribution of Xenopus model to a better understanding of cardiac outflow tract.
A Torres-Prioris 1, SJ Smith 2, TJ Mohun 2, B Fernández 1, AC Durán 1.
1 Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, and Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Spain.
2 Developmental Biology Division, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, UK.
The morphology and morphogenesis of the cardiac outflow tract is a major topic in the study of the vertebrate circulatory system, especially regarding the pathologies affecting this region in humans. Recent studies have demonstrated that, in fish, the cardiac outflow tract consists of a myocardial conus arteriosus and a nonmyocardial bulbus arteriosus. Moreover, the bulbus arteriosus of fish has been considered homologous to the intrapericardial base of the aortic and
pulmonary trunks of birds and mammals. Under this perspective, we have conducted a study on the outflow tract of Xenopus laevis, using histological, immunohistochemical and 3D reconstruction techniques. It has been assumed
that the outflow tract of Xenopus, which is intercalated between the ventricle and the great arterial trunks, is of myocardial nature. At its luminal side, it contains two sets of valves between which the so-called spiral valve lies.
Our results demonstrate that, together with a proximal myocardial segment, a distal, nonmyocardial, intrapericardial segment is also present in amphibians. We propose that this distal segment, from which the pulmocutaneous and
systemic arteries arise, is homologous to the bulbus arteriosus of fish. Therefore, the bulbus arteriosus is an evolutionarily conserved structure, which has become the aortic and pulmonary roots of birds and mammals. Our findings
contribute to strengthening Xenopus as a good model to better understand the outflow tract morphology and evolution, and as an emerging model for studying human congenital heart diseases.
This work was supported by CGL2010-16417, BES-2011-046901, Estancias Breves para FPI (2012, 2013) and FEDER funds.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. CGL2010-16417, BES-2011-046901, Estancias Breves para FPI (2012, 2013), FEDER funds
Is the bulbus arteriosus of fish homologous to the mamalian intrapericardial thoracic arteries?
El resumen aparece en el Program & Abstracts of the 10th International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Barcelona 2013.Anatomical Record, Volume 296, Special Feature — 1: P-089.Two major findings have significantly improved our understanding of the
embryology and evolution of the arterial pole of the vertebrate heart (APVH): 1) a
new embryonic presumptive cardiac tissue, named second heart field (SHF), forms
the myocardium of the outflow tract, and the walls of the ascending aorta (AA) and
the pulmonary trunk (PT) in mammals and birds; 2) the bulbus arteriosus (BA),
previously thought to be an actinopterygian apomorphy, is present in all basal
Vertebrates, and probably derives from the SHF. We hypothesized that the
intrapericardial portions of the AA and the PT of mammals are homologous to the
BA of basal vertebrates. To test this, we performed 1) a literature review of the
anatomy and embryology of the APVH; 2) novel anatomical, histomorphological,
and embryological analyses of the APVH, comparing basal (Galeus atlanticus), with
apical (Mus musculus and Mesocricetus auratus) vertrebrates. Evidence obtained:
1) Anatomically, BA, AA, and PT are muscular tubes into the pericardial cavity,
which connect the distal myocardial outflow tracts with the aortic arch system.
Coronary arteries run through or originate at these anatomical structures; 2)
Histologically, BA, AA, and PT show an inner layer of endothelium covered by
circumferentially oriented smooth muscle cells, collagen fibers, and lamellar
elastin. The histomorphological differences between the BA and the ventral aorta
parallel those between intrapericardial and extrapericardial great arteries; 3)
Embryologically, BA, AA, and PT are composed of smooth muscle cells derived
from the SHF. They show a similar mechanism of development: incorporation of
SHF‐derived cells into the pericardial cavity, and distal‐to‐proximal differentiation
into an elastogenic cell linage.
In conclusion, anatomical, histological and embryological evidence supports the
hypothesis that SHF is a developmental unit responsible for the formation of the
APVH. The BA and the intrapericardial portions of the great arteries must be
considered homologous structures.Proyecto P10-CTS-6068 (Junta de Andalucía); proyecto CGL-16417 (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación); Fondos FEDER
The Single-Photon Router
We have embedded an artificial atom, a superconducting "transmon" qubit, in
an open transmission line and investigated the strong scattering of incident
microwave photons ( GHz). When an input coherent state, with an average
photon number is on resonance with the artificial atom, we observe
extinction of up to 90% in the forward propagating field. We use two-tone
spectroscopy to study scattering from excited states and we observe
electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We then use EIT to make a
single-photon router, where we can control to what output port an incoming
signal is delivered. The maximum on-off ratio is around 90% with a rise and
fall time on the order of nanoseconds, consistent with theoretical
expectations. The router can easily be extended to have multiple output ports
and it can be viewed as a rudimentary quantum node, an important step towards
building quantum information networks.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure
Different laboratory mouse strains show distinct coronary artery patterns
Different laboratory mouse strains show distinct coronary artery patterns.
MC Fernández 1,2, A López-García 1,2, M Lorenzale 1, V Sans-Coma 1,2, AC Durán 1,2 and B Fernández 1,2.
1 Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Spain.
2 Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA),
University of Málaga, Spain. The C57BL/6 (BL/6) mouse strain is one of the most
common models in research involving laboratory animals, particularly on studies of the cardiovascular system. It has been reported (Fernandez B, et al. J Anat 2008 212(1):12–18) that this strain presents an unusual coronary artery (CA) pattern, including congenital CA anomalies, which are clinically relevant in humans. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether this pattern is strain-specific or appears in other mouse populations.
We used stereomicroscopy, scanning electron
microscopy, light microscopy, and a corrosion cast
technique in 597 adult mice belonging to three
inbred strains (BL/6, Balb/c, DBA/2), three outbred stocks (CD1, OF1, NMR1), two hybrid lines (129sv x BL/6, CD2F1) and wild mice.
Lock-like ostium was only detected in BL/6 mice,
whereas left septal artery, accessory ostium, high
take-off, intramural course, and solitary ostium of one CA in aorta were present in different laboratory strains and in wild mice. However, each mouse population showed a specific incidence of these coronary conditions.
These results should be taken into account when
studying the murine coronary system, especially in
CA occlusion experiments and in studies on cardiovascular development involving murine mutant lines. In addition, we propose that several laboratory mouse strains may serve as appropriate animal models to study several clinically relevant human congenital anomalies of the CAs. Our results suggest that some of these CA anomalies are subject to a simple mode of inheritance.
This work was supported by P10-CTS-6068 and PI-
0888-2012.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. P10-CTS-6068. PI-0888-201
DISTRIBUTION OF PIGMENT CELLS IN THE HEART OF THE RABBITFISH, CHIMAERA MONSTROSA (CONDRICHTHYES: HOLOCEPHALI)
El resumen aparece en el Program & Abstracts of the 10th International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Barcelona 2013. Anatomical Record, Volume 296, Special Feature — 1: P-076.The study of extracutaneous cells producing and storing melanin is of interest because it
may provide valuable information about the presence of neural crest elements in internal
organs and tissues. Here we report, for the first time, the presence and distribution of
melanophores in the heart of a chondrichthyan species, the rabbitfish, Chimaera
monstrosa. Pigment cells were found in all of 20 hearts examined. Pigment cells occur
mainly in the cardiac outflow tract, which consists of two anatomical components, the
proximal, myocardial conus arteriosus and the distal, non-myocardial bulbus arteriosus.
A few groups of dark pigmented cells were found in the apex of the ventricle of one
specimen and in the atrium of two specimens. In all instances, the melanophores were
located in the subepicardial space, where they could be well recognized in both
unstained and stained histological sections. The distribution and intensity of the
pigmentation in the cardiac outflow tract varies markedly between individuals. In all
cases, however, the pigmented area is larger on the dorsal than on the ventral surface.
Dorsally, the size of the pigmented area ranges from a fringe that includes the bulbus
and the distal part of the conus to the whole surface of the outflow tract. Ventrally, the
pigmented area does not cover the entire conus arteriosus. The intensity of the
pigmentation also varies widely; in general, it is highest at the distal portion of the conus.
There is no relationship between the distribution and intensity of the pigmentation and
the sex and age of the animals. The functional role of the pigmented cells is unknown. If
the melanophores in the heart of C. monstrosa are indeed of neural crest origin, it would
suggest a notable contribution of the neural crest cells to the cardiac outflow tract in
holocephalans.Proyecto CGL2010-16417/BOS; Fondos FEDER
BES-2011-04690
PIGMENTATION OF THE HEART IN THE BICHIR, POLYPTERUS SENEGALUS
El resumen aparece en el Program & Abstracts of the 10th International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Barcelona 2013. Anatomical Record, Volume 296, Special Feature — 1: P-078.The presence of melanin-containing cells in the heart has been documented in tetrapods,
but not in fish. It has been even suggested that dark pigmented cells are exclusively
associated with hearts having two atria and two ventricles. The aim here is to report the
occurrence of pigment cells in the heart of the bichir, an extant representative of the
polypteriformes, an ancient ray-finned fish lineage that split from the stem of the
actinopterygians soon after their divergence from the sarcopterygians. The bichir heart
is composed of sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosus and bulbus arteriosus
arranged sequentially within the pericardial cavity. Dendritic-shaped cells containing
melanosomes were found in the five cardiac components of the 12 bichirs included in
this study. Numerous melanophores were distributed regularly over the surface of all
segments having myocardium in their walls, thus resulting in a marked pigmentation of
the whole heart. The bulbus arteriosus, which in the bichir is reduced in size, showed an
even more intense pigmentation. In all instances, the melanophores were localized in
the subepicardial space. Pigment cells also occurred in the pericardium and ventral
aorta. The functional role of melanocytes in the tetrapod heart remains obscure. Antiinflamatory
activity, cytoprotection and effects on the viscoelastic properties of the
cardiac tissue have been adduced as possible actions of such cells. The role of pigment
cells in the bichir heart constitutes a new open question. Interestingly, however, the only
cells that have been shown to form melanin-containing cells in the heart derive from the
neural crest. If the melanophores of the bichir heart are indeed of neural crest origin, it
would suggest a much more extensive contribution and persistence of elements from the
neural crest in the primitive heart of jawed vertebrates as assumed so far in most papers
devoted to vertebrate heart embryology.Proyecto CGL2010-16417/BOS; Fondos FEDER; Beca FPI ref. BES-2011-046901
MYOCARDIAL STRUCTURE AND VASCULARIZATION OF THE HEART VENTRICLE IN HOLOCEPHALI: IMPLICATIONS FOR HEART EVOLUTION
El resumen aparece en el Program & Abstracts of the 10th International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Barcelona 2013. Anatomical Record, Volume 296, Special Feature — 1: P-075.It has been classically assumed that the ventricle of the primitive vertebrate heart is
composed of spongy myocardium, supplied exclusively by oxygen-poor, luminal blood.
This idea is on two facts: (1) extant agnathans have a spongy ventricular myocardium,
and (2) in avian and mammalian embryos, the formation of trabeculated myocardium
precedes the appearance of compact myocardium. Recently, it has been proposed that,
like elasmobranchs, the early gnathostomes possess a fully vascularised ventricle
composed of mixed myocardium. We tested this idea by studying the structure and
vascularisation of the ventricular myocardium in four holocephalan species of the
families Chimaeridae and Rhinochimaeridae. Chimaera monstrosa, Hidrolagus affinis
and Harriotta raleighana have a spongy myocardium covered by a thin layer of cardiac
muscle. In H. raleighana, the compacta is reduced to an extremely fine rim. In all three
species there is a well-developed coronary artery system consisting of subepicardial
vessels which give off branches that penetrate the myocardial trabeculae.
Rhinochimaera atlantica has no compacta and its ventricular coronary artery system is
reduced to subepicardial vessels that do not enter the spongy layer. This report is the
first to show that in wild living vertebrates, a coronary artery system supplying the whole
myocardium exists in the absence of a well-developed compacta, which supports
experimental work that shows that myocardial cell proliferation and coronary vascular
growth rely on genetically separated programs. We conclude that the mixed ventricular
myocardium is primitive for chondrichthyans, and that the lack of compacta in some
holocephalans is a derived character. Moreover our results support the hypotheses that
the mixed myocardium is the primitive condition in gnathostomes, and that the absence
of a compacta in different actinopterygian taxa is the result of its repeated loss during
evolution.Proyecto CGL2010-16417/BOS; Fondos FEDE
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