Impacts of extreme winter warming events on litter decomposition in a sub-Arctic heathland

Arctic climate change is expected to lead to a greater frequency of extreme winter warming events. During these events, temperatures rapidly increase to well above 0 degrees C for a number of days, which can lead to snow melt at the landscape scale, loss of insulating snow cover and warming of soils. However, upon return of cold ambient temperatures, soils can freeze deeper and may experience more freeze-thaw cycles due to the absence of a buffering snow layer. Such loss of snow cover and changes in soil temperatures may be critical for litter decomposition since a stable soil microclimate during winter (facilitated by snow cover) allows activity of soil organisms. Indeed, a substantial part of fresh litter decomposition may occur in winter. However, the impacts of extreme winter warming events on soil processes such as decomposition have never before been investigated. With this study we quantify the impacts of winter warming events on fresh litter decomposition using field simulations and lab studies. Winter warming events were simulated in sub-Arctic heathland using infrared heating lamps and soil warming cables during March (typically the period of maximum snow depth) in three consecutive years of 2007, 2008, and 2009. During the winters of 2008 and 2009, simulations were also run in January (typically a period of shallow snow cover) on separate plots. The lab study included soil cores with and without fresh litter subjected to winter-warming simulations in climate chambers. Litter decomposition of common plant species was unaffected by winter warming events simulated either in the lab (litter of Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii), or field (litter of Vaccinium vitis-idaea, and B. pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) with the exception of Vaccinium myrtillus (a common deciduous dwarf shrub) that showed less mass loss in response to winter warming events. Soil CO2 efflux measured in the lab study was (as expected) highly responsive to winter warming events but surprisingly fresh litter decomposition was not. Most fresh litter mass loss in the lab occurred during the first 3-4 weeks (simulating the period after litter fall). In contrast to past understanding, this suggests that winter decomposition of fresh litter is almost nonexistent and observations of substantial mass loss across the cold season seen here and in other studies may result from leaching in autumn, prior to the onset of "true" winter. Further, our findings surprisingly suggest that extreme winter warming events do not affect fresh litter decomposition. Crown Copyright (c) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Compost uit natuur en landschap

Bij het beheer van natuurgebieden en landschapselementen zoals houtwallen, rietlanden en singels, komen grote hoeveelheden plantaardig materiaal vrij. Afvoer en verwerking van dit materiaal drukken zwaar op de beheerskosten. Biologische boeren kunnen die druk verlichten door het materiaal na compostering te gebruiken. Sinds enkele jaren onderzoekt het Louis Bolk Instituut de mogelijkheden. Landbouwkundige, natuurlijke en juridische overwegingen spelen een rol

Rethinking the Governance and Delivery of the Cohesion Policy Funds:Is the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) a Model?

The Cohesion Policy Funds (CPF) have faced continuous debate about their effectiveness in reaching specified performance objectives, while at the same time advancing broader EU policy goals. The Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)’s “performance-based financing” model, where payment is based on the fulfilment of milestones and targets, rather than reimbursement of eligible costs, is sometimes presented as a superior alternative and possible inspiration for the future of the CPF. The RRF model centralises authority in the hands of national governments and promises tighter integration of investment and reforms, with monitoring focusing on results instead of receipts. In this context, it is crucial to understand more precisely how the RRF model differs from that of CPF and how the RRF model has been working out in practice, in order to draw lessons for the future of the CPF, which is the goal of this paper

Rethinking the Governance and Delivery of the Cohesion Policy Funds:Is the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) a Model?

The Cohesion Policy Funds (CPF) have faced continuous debate about their effectiveness in reaching specified performance objectives, while at the same time advancing broader EU policy goals. The Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF)’s “performance-based financing” model, where payment is based on the fulfilment of milestones and targets, rather than reimbursement of eligible costs, is sometimes presented as a superior alternative and possible inspiration for the future of the CPF. The RRF model centralises authority in the hands of national governments and promises tighter integration of investment and reforms, with monitoring focusing on results instead of receipts. In this context, it is crucial to understand more precisely how the RRF model differs from that of CPF and how the RRF model has been working out in practice, in order to draw lessons for the future of the CPF, which is the goal of this paper

The redesign of blue- and white-collar work triggered by digitalization:collar matters

The implementation of digital technologies in the context of Industry 4.0 radically changes methods of production and thereby the jobs of blue-collar workers. Although the work design effects of digitalization on the operator 4.0 have been explored in the existing literature, less is known about the simultaneous effects on white-collar work and the underlying (re)design process of human work including the factors that shape this process. To address this gap, we performed an in-depth industrial case study of an organization in the process of digitalization. Our findings confirm the concurrent impact of digitalization on blue- and white-collar work and suggest that its human implications highly depend on the extent to which, and at what moment, human factors are considered during the design and implementation process. Where work design knowledge lacked, the motivation of system designers turned out to be an important individual factor to realize favorable work design outcomes. At the organizational level, results show the importance of early involvement of system users and incorporating social performance indicators in addition to operational performance indicators in the statement of project goals. Our findings provide important empirical input for the further development of human-centric models and theories that integrate the challenges and opportunities for blue- and white-collar workers that are emerging when adopting digital technologies

Unraveling idea development in discourse trajectories

Conference Theme: The Future of LearningShort Paper Session: SP 6.7With the present paper we want to shed light onto an issue that is central within the knowledge building theory but only little studied – the development of ideas in collaborative learning discourse. Starting from the construction of a network of explicit and implicit relations between ideas, we apply a scientometric method to tackle the temporality of collaborative processes based on the structure of successive ideas. The resulting discourse trajectories are shown to give a holistic and also a detailed view on how knowledge advances when their interpretation is combined with a qualitative analysis of the content of the ideas and their relations. The weighted relevance of relations between ideas enables the identification of sub-topics in the discourse, important ideas, and influence or uptake events.postprintThe 10th International Conference of the Learning Sciences (ICLS 2012), Sydney, Australia, 2-6 July 2012. In ICLS 2012 Proceedings, 2012, v. 2, p. 162-16

Order review and release in make-to-order flow shops:analysis and design of new methods

Increased customization has strengthened the importance of make-to-order companies. The advent of lean management and the introduction of smart and flexible technologies has enabled many of these companies to create flow shop routings. Order review and release (ORR) research, which originally focused on job shops, has started paying attention to flow shops. However, the results have not provided clarity on the best ORR method for flow shops. This study aims at developing such a method by applying a modular design approach. It identifies the relevant elements of ORR methods for flow shops, combines them into new methods and evaluates them in a simulation study. The simulation results demonstrate that performance in pure flow shops can be strongly improved by applying the right combination of workload measures, load balancing, and order dispatching. Specifically, the results show that (1) classical workload measures are still as effective as novel measures that have been suggested for flow shops, (2) balancing workloads explicitly through optimization at the order release stage strongly improves performance, and (3) shortest processing time dispatching is highly effective in flow shops as it avoids starvation of stations. In-depth analyses have been executed to unravel the reasons of performance improvements. As such, the article provides clarity on the improvement potential that is available for ORR in flow shops, while the new modular methods provide a first step in exploiting this potential

Burgercooperaties: Speler of speelbal in de nieuwe verhoudingen tussen overheid, markt en samenleving

Burgers hebben in Nederland het afgelopen decennium in allerlei sectoren initiatieven ontwikkeld en coöperaties opgericht om zelf voorzieningen en diensten tot stand te brengen en te beheren. Kennelijk slagen overheid en markt er onvoldoende in om in bepaalde behoeften en daarmee samenhangende waarden van burgers leven te voorzien. Hoewel burgercoöperaties jonge organisaties zijn die zichzelf grotendeels nog moeten bewijzen, zijn de koplopers een bron van inspiratie, innovatie en navolging. Tegelijk kunnen we constateren dat er weinig kennis beschikbaar is over deze nieuwe organisatievorm. Het ontbreekt tot nu toe aan empirische sectorstudies en een systematische vergelijking. Dit themanummer inventariseert en vergelijkt the state of art van burgercoöperaties op het terrein van energie, zorg, breedband en wonen. Hoe effectief en duurzaam zijn burgercoöperaties en hoe verhouden ze zich tot overheden, marktpartijen en maatschappelijke organisaties? De vergelijkende analyse laat zien dat burgercoöperaties moeten leren om te gaan met de spanning tussen het streven naar zelfbeheer en de behoefte tot professionalisering. Ook moeten ze leren samen te werken met andere partijen in hun omgeving. Coöperaties moeten leren het spel mee te spelen zodat zij geen speelbal van andere partijen worden

Organic fertilisers of the MAC trial and their impact on soil quality, environment and climate change.

After 8 years, the MAC field trial in Lelystad, the Netherlands, shows the effects of different fertiliser strategies, ranging from animal manure to plant compost to mineral fertiliser. The impact on yield, soil quality, soil health, environment and climate change is discussed. The trial is unique in monitoring th eeffect of so many types of fertilisers over so many years