Polymeric IgA are sulfated proteins

AbstractThe main sulfated proteins secreted by rabbit mammary gland tissue had Mr of ∼67 000, 63 000 and 23 000, and one component which most likely corresponded to proteoglycans had a diffuse electrophoretic mobility (Mr>200 000). The sulfate groups in the 67–63 kDa proteins were mostly linked to carbohydrates. These proteins and the 23 kDa protein were co-purified and identified to heavy chains of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and J chain, respectively. Sulfation of α-chains also occurred in rat mammary and rabbit lacrimal glands. We conclude that polymeric IgA which are produced by plasma cells and released in secretion fluids after transcytosis through epithelia are sulfated

Non-Invasive In Vivo Imaging of Calcium Signaling in Mice

Rapid and transient elevations of Ca2+ within cellular microdomains play a critical role in the regulation of many signal transduction pathways. Described here is a genetic approach for non-invasive detection of localized Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]) rises in live animals using bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Transgenic mice conditionally expressing the Ca2+-sensitive bioluminescent reporter GFP-aequorin targeted to the mitochondrial matrix were studied in several experimental paradigms. Rapid [Ca2+] rises inside the mitochondrial matrix could be readily detected during single-twitch muscle contractions. Whole body patterns of [Ca2+] were monitored in freely moving mice and during epileptic seizures. Furthermore, variations in mitochondrial [Ca2+] correlated to behavioral components of the sleep/wake cycle were observed during prolonged whole body recordings of newborn mice. This non-invasive imaging technique opens new avenues for the analysis of Ca2+ signaling whenever whole body information in freely moving animals is desired, in particular during behavioral and developmental studies

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Investigation of trans-golgi network (TGN) to cell surface transport of sulphated secretory proteins in mammary epithelial cells

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