01 CA 1

The CA1 system is based on the Fairfield, CA Distribution system and was originally used by Rossman et al. in 1996 as part of a study into numerical modelling methods. The system has a total demand of 0.62 MGD, one tank, and 11.1 miles of pipe. It is classified as distribution dense-grid by Hwang & Lansey (2017) and gridded by Hoagland et al. (2015).https://uknowledge.uky.edu/wdst_us/1000/thumbnail.jp

04 WA 1

The WA 1 system is based on the Bellingham, WA distribution system and was originally developed by Vasconcelos et al. in 1997 as part of a water quality modelling study. The system has a total demand of 5.9 MGD, two tanks, and 30.5 miles of pipe. It is classified as distribution dense-grid by Hwang & Lansey (2017) and looped by Hoagland et al. (2015).https://uknowledge.uky.edu/wdst_us/1003/thumbnail.jp

03 PA 2

The PA 2 system is based on a portion of the Cheshire Distribution system near Harrisburg, PA and was originally developed by Vasconcelos et al. in 1997 as part of a water quality modelling study. The system has a total demand of 1.1 MGD, one reservoir, one pump, and 11.3 miles of pipe. It is classified as distribution branch by Hwang & Lansey (2017) and looped by Hoagland et al. (2015).https://uknowledge.uky.edu/wdst_us/1002/thumbnail.jp

02 PA 1

The PA 1 system is based on the North Penn Water Authority Distribution system in Pennsylvania and was originally used by Clark in 1994 as part of a water quality modelling study. The system has a total demand of 2.7 MGD, two tanks and 99 miles of pipe. It is classified as distribution dense-grid by Hwang & Lansey (2017) and gridded by Hoagland et al. (2015).https://uknowledge.uky.edu/wdst_us/1001/thumbnail.jp

Sequencing Human Mitochondrial Hypervariable Region II as a Molecular Fingerprint for Environmental Waters

To protect environmental water from human fecal contamination, authorities must be able to unambiguously identify the source of the contamination. Current identification methods focus on tracking fecal bacteria associated with the human gut, but many of these bacterial indicators also thrive in the environment and in other mammalian hosts. Mitochondrial DNA could solve this problem by serving as a human-specific marker for fecal contamination. Here we show that the human mitochondrial hypervariable region II can function as a molecular fingerprint for human contamination in an urban watershed impacted by combined sewer overflows. We present high-throughput sequencing analysis of hypervariable region II for spatial resolution of the contaminated sites and assessment of the population diversity of the impacting regions. We propose that human mitochondrial DNA from public waste streams may serve as a tool for identifying waste sources definitively, analyzing population diversity, and conducting other anthropological investigations

CCWI2017: F123 'Case Study: Improvements to a Real-Time Network Modelling Framework'

Short-term water demand forecasts are valuable for distribution system operators controlling the production, storage and delivery of drinking water. In certain problems, such as real-time pump scheduling, the cycle of data acquisition, model computation, and decision-making is time-sensitive, and requires an automatic procedure to handle the transfer of information between data source(s), forecasting model(s), and the operator. Recent development of a composite demand-hydraulic model integrates a demand time series model with a hydraulic network model to estimate and forecast demands using measurements typically available to water utilities. The application to a real-world network model with approximately 12,000 demand nodes and six flow measurements resulted in good representation of the observed flow rates. However, the performance of the demand-hydraulic algorithm, and subsequent analysis, has demonstrated limitations in two aspects of the demand estimation and forecasting framework: the temporal representation of the estimated demands, and the clustering approach needed to reduce the scale of the parameter estimation problem. The current research will present preliminary results associated with data-driven approaches for representing the temporal demands and application of alternative clustering algorithms to improve the overall demand estimation process.<br

Advancing a Net Zero Urban Water Future in the United States Southwest: Governance and Policy Challenges and Future Needs

The Colorado River supplies &gt;40 million people in the United States Southwest with their daily water supply and is unable to meet the current demands. New approaches are needed to enhance sustainability and resilience. A net zero urban water (NZUW) approach meets the needs of a given community with a locally available and sustainable water supply, without detriment to interconnected systems and the long-term water supply. Transitioning to a NZUW future will require considerable modifications to governance and policy across the Southwest and its cities specifically. We identify five areas of governance and policy challenges: diversified water sources and sinks; planning, design, and operation; monitoring and enforcement; coordination; and addressing equity and justice. Four case study cities are investigated: Albuquerque, Denver, Los Angeles, and Tucson. Across these cities, the policy priorities include supporting potable water reuse, coordinating policies across jurisdictions for alternative water sources, addressing equity and justice, developing and incentivizing water conservation plans, and making aquifer storage and recovery projects easier and more economical to pursue. We conclude that a NZUW transition in the Southwest faces considerable governance and policy challenges, but moving cities toward this goal is crucial