Recommended management strategies to limit anthropogenic noise impacts on greater sage-grouse in Wyoming

Recent research has demonstrated that noise from natural gas development negatively impacts sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) abundance, stress levels, and behaviors. Other types of anthropogenic noise sources are similar to gas-development noise and, thus, the response by sage-grouse is likely to be similar. The results of research suggest that effective management of the natural soundscape is critical to the conservation and protection of sage-grouse. The goals of this review are to discuss current approaches in the management of new and existing noise sources in Wyoming and recommend research priorities for establishing effective noise management strategies. We make 4 interim recommendations: (1) that noise-management objectives should be set relative to typical ambient noise levels in sage-grouse habitat before development; the best currently available measuremenet of residual noise levels levels (L90) in undisturbed areas suggest an ambient level of 16 to 20 dBA; (2) that an increase in median noise levels (L50) of 10 dBA above ambient be allowed; (3) that management strategies be expanded to protect the soundscape in areas critical for mating, foraging, nesting, and brood-rearing activities of sage-grouse, rather than protecting the lek area alone; and (4) management strategies be focused on the siting of roads or limiting of traffic volumes during crucial times of the day (0600 to 0900 hours) and season (i.e., breeding season), rather than setting targets for vehicle noise exposure. Roads should be sited or traffic should be seasonally limited within 1.3 to 1.7 km from the edge of critical areas for nesting, foraging and breeding. We emphasize that protections based on these interim recommendations may need to be revised upon completion of ongoing and future research

Experimental chronic noise is related to elevated fecal corticosteroid metabolites in lekking male greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus).

There is increasing evidence that individuals in many species avoid areas exposed to chronic anthropogenic noise, but the impact of noise on those who remain in these habitats is unclear. One potential impact is chronic physiological stress, which can affect disease resistance, survival and reproductive success. Previous studies have found evidence of elevated stress-related hormones (glucocorticoids) in wildlife exposed to human activities, but the impacts of noise alone are difficult to separate from confounding factors. Here we used an experimental playback study to isolate the impacts of noise from industrial activity (natural gas drilling and road noise) on glucocorticoid levels in greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), a species of conservation concern. We non-invasively measured immunoreactive corticosterone metabolites from fecal samples (FCMs) of males on both noise-treated and control leks (display grounds) in two breeding seasons. We found strong support for an impact of noise playback on stress levels, with 16.7% higher mean FCM levels in samples from noise leks compared with samples from paired control leks. Taken together with results from a previous study finding declines in male lek attendance in response to noise playbacks, these results suggest that chronic noise pollution can cause greater sage-grouse to avoid otherwise suitable habitat, and can cause elevated stress levels in the birds who remain in noisy areas

Effects of Experimentally Elevated Traffic Noise on Nestling White-Crowned Sparrow Stress Physiology, Immune Function and Life History

Roads have been associated with behavioral and physiological changes in wildlife. In birds, roads decrease reproductive success and biodiversity and increase physiological stress. Although the consequences of roads on individuals and communities have been well described, the mechanisms through which roads affect birds remain largely unexplored. Here, we examine one mechanism through which roads could affect birds: traffic noise. We exposed nestling mountain white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha) to experimentally elevated traffic noise for 5 days during the nestling period. Following exposure to traffic noise we measured nestling stress physiology, immune function, body size, condition and survival. Based on prior studies, we expected the traffic noise treatment to result in elevated stress hormones (glucocorticoids), and declines in immune function, body size, condition and survival. Surprisingly, nestlings exposed to traffic noise had lower glucocorticoid levels and improved condition relative to control nests. These results indicate that traffic noise does affect physiology and development in white-crowned sparrows, but not at all as predicted. Therefore, when evaluating the mechanisms through which roads affect avian populations, other factors (e.g. edge effects, pollution and mechanical vibration) may be more important than traffic noise in explaining elevated nestling stress responses in this species

Parameter estimates (± SE) and relative variable importance for variables in highly supported models (ΔAIC<i>_c</i> <3).

a<p>Parameter estimates are natural-log transformed.</p>b<p>SE not included due to back-transformation.</p>c<p>Relative variable importance is the summed total of the model weights for models containing that variable.</p>d<p>Intercept value was added to parameter estimates prior to back-transformation and then subtracted.</p

Mixed-effect candidate models for the effect of noise playback on mass-dependent FCM concentrations (natural log-transformed).

a<p>Abbreviations of predictor variables in methods.</p>b<p>All models contain lek pairing and year as a random effect.</p>c<p>Number of parameters in the model.</p>d<p>Difference in AIC<i>_c</i> (Akaike's Information criteria for small sample size) values from the top ranking model.</p>e<p>Akaike weight (Probability that the model is the best fit model giving the data and model candidate set).</p>f<p>Model with substantial support (ΔAIC<i>_c</i> <2).</p

Noise playback study area in Fremont County, Wyoming, USA, 2006–2009.

<p>Experimental and control leks were paired on the basis of size and geographic location (the four leks in the upper right are part of the Riverton region, whereas the rest of the leks are in the Lander region).</p

FCM concentrations from control and noise-treated groups.

<p>Data shown (A) pooled by season and (B) for mid and late season samples. Horizontal line represents the median value, box ends represent upper and lower quartiles, whiskers represent maximum and minimum values and open circles represent outliers. Plots present measured FCM values, not model output, which is presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050462#pone-0050462-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p

Mixed-effect candidate models assessing the relationship of FCM concentrations and changes in lek attendance from the previous year on noise-playback leks.

a<p>Abbreviations of predictor variables in methods.</p>b<p>All models contain lek pairing and year as a random effect.</p>c<p>Number of parameters in the model.</p>d<p>Difference in AIC<i>_c</i> (Akaike's Information criteria for small sample size) values from the top ranking model.</p>e<p>Akaike weight.</p>f<p>Model with substantial support (ΔAIC<i>_c</i> <3).</p