La protección de las indicaciones geográficas en el comercio internacional: recepción y efectividad en el ordenamiento jurídico puertorriqueño

The study about the reception of international obligations concerning the protection of geographical indications and its effectiveness in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is particularly relevant from a legal and economic development perspective. Geographical indications have become noteworthy in recent years due to their inclusion in a treaty that binds the practical entirety of the international community. Prior to that event, their regulation lacked international consensus and received an uneven treatment in different jurisdictions, which provides an opportunity to analyze the integration of the resultant obligations in Puerto Rico’s legal system and the limits that its political relationship with the United States imposes upon the possibilities of the effective protection of geographical of Puerto Rican indications in international trade. The economic potential of geographical indications can be significant, in view of their application to coffee and rum, two products of substantial importance to the local economy. Considering that geographical indications have no presence in Puerto Rico’s legal system, as they are not even defined, the recent discussions regarding two legislative bills about Puerto Rican appellations of origin confirm the importance of the study. Time is of the essence, because as other jurisdictions continue to claim protection of their products, unprotected products will miss the opportunity of being among the products distinguished by their quality and geographical origin..

La protección de las indicaciones geográficas en el comercio internacional: recepción y efectividad en el ordenamiento jurídico puertorriqueño

Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Derecho, Departamento de Derecho Internacional Público y de Derecho Internacional Privado, leída el 04-12-2015The study about the reception of international obligations concerning the protection of geographical indications and its effectiveness in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is particularly relevant from a legal and economic development perspective. Geographical indications have become noteworthy in recent years due to their inclusion in a treaty that binds the practical entirety of the international community. Prior to that event, their regulation lacked international consensus and received an uneven treatment in different jurisdictions, which provides an opportunity to analyze the integration of the resultant obligations in Puerto Rico’s legal system and the limits that its political relationship with the United States imposes upon the possibilities of the effective protection of geographical of Puerto Rican indications in international trade. The economic potential of geographical indications can be significant, in view of their application to coffee and rum, two products of substantial importance to the local economy. Considering that geographical indications have no presence in Puerto Rico’s legal system, as they are not even defined, the recent discussions regarding two legislative bills about Puerto Rican appellations of origin confirm the importance of the study. Time is of the essence, because as other jurisdictions continue to claim protection of their products, unprotected products will miss the opportunity of being among the products distinguished by their quality and geographical origin...Depto. de Derecho Internacional, Eclesiástico y Filosofía del DerechoFac. de DerechoTRUEunpu

Informe iberoamericano 2020 de relaciones intergubernamentales

Este primer Informe Iberoamericano 2020 de Relaciones Intergubernamentales ha coincidido en el tiempo con las intensas y generalizadas necesidades de cooperación intergubernamental provocadas por la pandemia de la Covid-19 desde el primer trimestre del año 2020. Como afirman Brosio, Jiménez y Ruelas, tras la irrupción de esta crisis sanitaria, “existe una necesidad de fortalecer la coordinación en los sistemas fiscales intergubernamentales y el papel de los gobiernos intermedios y locales para afrontar el impacto de la pandemia en la economía y el bienestar de los hogares más pobres”. Principalmente en el ámbito sanitario, pero también en materia de servicios sociales, hacienda, educación, transportes o seguridad interior, los Estados iberoamericanos han sido puestos a prueba y llevados al límite de la gestión intergubernamental y la sostenibilidad financiera, en muchos casos bajo la vigencia de estados de alarma o emergencia sanitaria. Incluso la función constitucional de control parlamentario sobre los respectivos gobiernos y sus relaciones se ha visto muy limitada por la menor actividad de las asambleas legislativas, tanto las consideradas de representación popular como las calificadas de representación territorial

¿Pacta sunt servanda? Quizás, quizás, quizás. El Tribunal Supremo de Estados Unidos no aplica el caso Avena en su sentencia del caso Medellín

En el Tribunal Internacional de Justicia Estados Unidos ha sido demandado 3 veces por incumplir el Convenio de Viena de Relaciones Consulares de 1963. Extranjeros condenados a muerte sin comunicación previa a su Consulado. En las 2 primeras no se detuvo la ejecución. Tras la tercera, Estados Unidos debía tomar medidas de revisión de las sentencias. Medellín era el primer reo a ejecutar. Con reparto de competencias y dualismo, su Tribunal Supremo mantiene la sentencia

SUMOylation modulates eIF5A activities in both yeast and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells

International audienceBackground: The eukaryotic translation initiation protein eIF5A is a highly conserved and essential factor that plays a critical role in different physiological and pathological processes including stress response and cancer. Different proteomic studies suggest that eIF5A may be a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) substrate, but whether eIF5A is indeed SUMOylated and how relevant is this modification for eIF5A activities are still unknown.Methods SUMOylation was evaluated using in vitro SUMOylation assays, Histidine-tagged proteins purification from His6–SUMO2 transfected cells, and isolation of endogenously SUMOylated proteins using SUMO-binding entities (SUBES). Mutants were engineered by site-directed mutagenesis. Protein stability was measured by a cycloheximide chase assay. Protein localization was determined using immunofluorescence and cellular fractionation assays. The ability of eIF5A1 constructs to complement the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains harboring thermosensitive mutants of a yeast EIF5A homolog gene (HYP2) was analyzed. The polysome profile and the formation of stress granules in cells expressing Pab1–GFP (a stress granule marker) by immunofluorescence were determined in yeast cells subjected to heat shock. Cell growth and migration of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma PANC-1 cells overexpressing different eIF5A1 constructs were evaluated using crystal violet staining and transwell inserts, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Software, using unpaired Student’s t -test, or one-way or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results We found that eIF5A is modified by SUMO2 in vitro, in transfected cells and under endogenous conditions, revealing its physiological relevance. We identified several SUMO sites in eIF5A and found that SUMOylation modulates both the stability and the localization of eIF5A in mammalian cells. Interestingly, the SUMOylation of eIF5A responds to specific stresses, indicating that it is a regulated process. SUMOylation of eIF5A is conserved in yeast, the eIF5A SUMOylation mutants are unable to completely suppress the defects of HYP2 mutants, and SUMOylation of eIF5A is important for both stress granules formation and disassembly of polysomes induced by heat-shock. Moreover, mutation of the SUMOylation sites in eIF5A abolishes its promigratory and proproliferative activities in PANC-1 cells.Conclusions SUMO2 conjugation to eIF5A is a stress-induced response implicated in the adaptation of yeast cells to heat-shock stress and required to promote the growth and migration of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells