Lamin A/C expression during hair cycling.

<p>Immunoreactivity patterns of lamin A/C in the FVB/NCrl hair cycle, stained by the ABC method, using DAB as a substrate. Anagen phase at postnatal day 4 (d4) (A–B), d10 (C) and at d28 (D). Catagen phase at d15 (E–F) and d38 (G). Telogen phase at d19 (H), d20 (I), and d49 (J). B, bulb; CTS, connective tissue sheath; D, dermis; DP, dermal papilla; E, epidermis; HD, hypodermis; IRS, inner root sheath; ORS, outer root sheath; PC, panniculus carnosus; SG, sebaceous gland. Scale bar: 50 μm.</p

Lamin B expression during hair cycling.

<p>Immunostaining patterns of lamin B in the mouse hair cycle, stained by the ABC method, using DAB as a substrate. Anagen phase at postnatal day 4 (d4) (A and C), d10 (B) and d28 (D); during catagen at d15 (E) and d38 (F); and during telogen at d19 (G) and d20 (H). B, bulb; CTS, connective tissue sheath; D, dermis; DP, dermal papilla; E, epidermis; HD, hypodermis; IRS, inner root sheath; ORS, outer root sheath; PC, panniculus carnosus; SG, sebaceous gland. Scale bar: 50 μm.</p

Lamin A/C and lamin B expression in different phases of the hair cycle in FVB/NCrl mice

<p>(+++) strong, uniform strong expression in all cells; (++) medium, positive staining in many cells;</p><p>(+) weak, very few positively stained cells; NA: not applicable, due to absence of tissue compartment.</p

Hair follicles and stages.

<p>Haematoxylin and eosin staining of dorsal skin from FVB/NCrl postnatal mice of different ages. (A) Actively growing anagen III and IV follicles from an SD I region from a postnatal day (d) 6 animal. Catagen II follicles in an SD IV region (B) and a catagen VIII follicle in an SD I region (C) from the same d15 animal. (D) Telogen follicle in an SD I region from a d20 animal. SD I regions with an anagen IIIA follicle from a d21 animal (E), and an anagen V follicle from a d28 animal (F). (G) The lower end of a catagen VI hair follicle regresses in an SD II region from a d38 animal. SD I regions with a telogen follicle from a d42 animal (H) and an anagen III follicle from a d70 animal (I). Scale bar: 50 μm.</p

Carotid Catheterization and Automated Blood Sampling Induce Systemic IL-6 Secretion and Local Tissue Damage and Inflammation in the Heart, Kidneys, Liver and Salivary Glands in NMRI Mice

<div><p>Automated blood sampling through a vascular catheter is a frequently utilized technique in laboratory mice. The potential immunological and physiological implications associated with this technique have, however, not been investigated in detail. The present study compared plasma levels of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, GM-CSF, IFN-γ and TNF-α in male NMRI mice that had been subjected to carotid artery catheterization and subsequent automated blood sampling with age-matched control mice. Body weight and histopathological changes in the surgical area, including the salivary glands, the heart, brain, spleen, liver, kidneys and lungs were compared. Catheterized mice had higher levels of IL-6 than did control mice, but other cytokine levels did not differ between the groups. No significant difference in body weight was found. The histology revealed inflammatory and regenerative (healing) changes at surgical sites of all catheterized mice, with mild inflammatory changes extending into the salivary glands. Several catheterized mice had multifocal degenerative to necrotic changes with inflammation in the heart, kidneys and livers, suggesting that thrombi had detached from the catheter tip and embolized to distant sites. Thus, catheterization and subsequent automated blood sampling may have physiological impact. Possible confounding effects of visceral damage should be assessed and considered, when using catheterized mouse models.</p></div

Cytokine levels in control mice and catheterized mice.

<p>Cytokine levels in control mice and catheterized mice.</p

Overexpression of MYC in HSC induces both myeloid and lymphoid leukemia.

<p>Flow cytometry analysis of bone marrow and spleen cells from two individual moribund Mock/MYC mice (indicated with # in the left). In the middle, percentage of GFP⁺YFP⁺ (Mock/MYC expressing) cells or GFP⁻YFP⁺ (MYC expressing) cells are indicated. These cells were further characterized with anti-CD11b, anti-Gr1, anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD19, anti-IgM anti-CD71 and anti-Ter119. The percentage of cells in each quadrant is indicated.</p

Kidney from one control mouse and one catheterized mouse.

<p>The top left image shows normal kidney histology in one control mouse. In the top right image, focal tubular degeneration with cyst formation is seen, shown in higher magnifications in the bottom left and right images, as indicated in the black and blue boxes, respectively. The epithelium is plump and hyperbasophilic, suggesting regeneration. Note the apoptotic epithelial cell in one dilated tubule (bottom right image). Bars = 200 μm in the top images, 100 μm in the bottom left image and 33 μm in bottom right image.</p

Tumor phenotype in Mock/MYC, FLIP_L/MYC, BCL-X_L/MYC and BCL-2/MYC recipient mice.

<p>Summary of flow cytometry analysis of spleen cells from moribund mice transplanted with HSC expressing (A) Mock-GFP/MYC-YFP into DBA/2 mice, (B) FLIP_L-GFP/MYC-YFP into DBA/2 mice, (C) BCL-X_L-GFP/MYC-YFP into DBA2 mice, (D) BCL-X_L-GFP/MYC-YFP into BALB/c mice and (E) BCL-2-GFP/MYC-YFP into BALB/c mice. Left panel specify tumors expressing MYC-YFP only and right panel specify cells expressing MYC-YFP together with either Mock-GFP (A), FLIP_L-GFP (B), BCL-X_L-GFP (C and D) or BCL-2-GFP (E). Filled box indicate tumor phenotype. M indicates tumors of myeloid lineage, DP indicate CD4⁺CD8⁺ lymphoid tumors, 4 indicate CD4⁺ lymphoid tumors and 8 indicate CD8⁺ lymphoid tumors. Numbers correspond to identity of individual animal.</p

Blast formation of Mock-GFP/Mock-YFP, Mock-GFP/MYC-YFP or BCL-X_L-GFP/MYC-YFP bone marrow and spleen cells.

<p>(A) Forward light scatter of CD11b⁺Gr1⁺ bone marrow cells from Mock-GFP/Mock-YFP, Mock-GFP/MYC-YFP and BCL-X_L-GFP/MYC-YFP recipient mice 2 weeks after transplantation. Grey thick lines indicate GFP⁻YFP⁺ cells, thick black lines indicate GFP⁺YFP⁻ cells and thin lines indicate GFP⁺YFP⁺ cells. (B) Difference in mean fluorescence intensity (Δmfi) in forward scatter of CD11b⁺Gr1⁺ (left), CD19⁺IgM⁻ (middle) and CD19⁺IgM⁺ (right) cells in bone marrow (top) and spleen (bottom) between GFP⁻YFP⁻ (non-transduced cells) and GFP⁻YFP⁺ (black bars), GFP⁺YFP⁺ (striped bars) or GFP⁺YFP⁻ (white bars) cells are shown. Values indicate means of three individual mice and error bars indicate 1 SD.</p