Diversity indices of the fungal community across different land uses in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo.

<p>(a) OTU richness and (b) Chao1 index. Pairwise comparisons are shown; different letters denote significant differences between groups at P<0.05.</p

Fungal community true β-diversity (i.e.

<p><b>) among the four land uses in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo.</b> Boxes show the lower quartile, the median and the upper quartile. Pairwise comparisons are shown; different letters denote significant differences between groups at P<0.05.</p

Comparison of relative abundance of the dominant fungal orders within the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota among land uses^a.

a<p>Only orders for which significant differences were found are shown.</p>b<p>Effect of land use on relative abundance evaluated by linear or generalized linear model or by the Kruskal-Wallis test (*).</p>c<p>Pairwise comparisons by <i>post hoc</i> Tukey test for linear/generalized linear models or <i>P</i> values Bonferroni-corrected for Kruskal-Wallis. Differences were considered significant at a P value of <0.05.</p><p>Comparison of relative abundance of the dominant fungal orders within the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota among land uses^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111525#nt101" target="_blank">a</a>}.</p

Relative abundance of dominant fungal phyla among different land uses in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo.

<p>Relative abundance of dominant fungal phyla among different land uses in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo.</p

Relationship between fMWCNTs concentrations and bacterial copy numbers at T = 0 weeks.

<p>Relationship between fMWCNTs concentrations and bacterial copy numbers at T = 0 weeks.</p

Effects of Functionalized and Raw Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Soil Bacterial Community Composition

<div><p>Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely used in industry, but their environmental impacts on soil microbial communities are poorly known. In this paper, we compare the effect of both raw and acid treated or functionalized (fCNTs) multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on soil bacterial communities, applying different concentrations of MWCNTs (0 µg/g, 50 µg/g, 500 µg/g and 5000 µg/g) to a soil microcosm system. Soil DNA was extracted at 0, 2 and 8 weeks and the V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene was PCR-amplified and sequenced using paired-end Illumina bar-coded sequencing. The results show that bacterial diversity was not affected by either type of MWCNT. However, overall soil bacterial community composition, as illustrated by NMDS, was affected only by fMWCNT at high concentrations. This effect, detectable at 2 weeks, remained equally strong by 8 weeks. In the case of fMWCNTs, overall changes in relative abundance of the dominant phyla were also found. The stronger effect of fMWCNTs could be explained by their intrinsically acidic nature, as the soil pH was lower at higher concentrations of fMWCNTs. Overall, this study suggests that fMWCNTs may at least temporarily alter microbial community composition on the timescale of at least weeks to months. It appears, by contrast, that raw MWCNTs do not affect soil microbial community composition.</p></div

NMDS of weighted UniFrac indices of bacterial community composition in relation to MWCNTs concentrations applied to soil over time (at T = 0 weeks, 2 weeks, and 8 weeks).

<p>NMDS of weighted UniFrac indices of bacterial community composition in relation to MWCNTs concentrations applied to soil over time (at T = 0 weeks, 2 weeks, and 8 weeks).</p

Soil chemical variables

Values of soil chemical variables in different land use

The heat map showing the relative abundances of the most abundant genera at different MWCNTs concentrations applied to soil over time (at T = 0 weeks, 2 weeks, and 8 weeks).

<p>The numbers written on Y-axis indicate the concentration of MWCNTs (1: 0 μg/g, 2: 50 μg/g, 3: 500 μg/g, 4: 5000 μg/g of fMWCNTs and 5: 50 μg/g, 6: 500 μg/g, 7: 5000 μg/g of raw MWCNTs), and the letters indicate the replicates.</p

16S rRNA gene OTU table

16S rRNA gene OTU