Predatory behaviour of a nematode feeding mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Sarcoptiformes : Acaridae)

Les observations effectuées sur #Tyrophagus putrescentiae montrent que cet acarien agit comme prédateur de nombreuses espèces de nématodes phytoparasites ou libres appartenant à trois types trophiques : saprophages, phyto-parasites, prédateurs. L'acarien préfère les juvéniles de deuxième stade des nématodes endoparasites tandis que les espèces prédatrices lui résistent mieux que celles des autres groupes. Des caractéristiques physiques et comportementales sont mises en relation avec cette résistance. La prédation par #T. putrescentiae dépend de la densité des proies car requérant nécessairement un contact entre les chélicères de l'acarien et le corps de la proie. Ces chélicères constituent les principaux organes permettant de tuer et d'ingérer des proies. Les pattes sont utilisées pendant l'attaque et l'exécution de la proie. Une proie blessée et ayant échappé à l'agresseur attire d'autres acariens qui se concentrent au niveau des blessures. Une telle aggrégation conduit à une lutte entre les individus afin d'attraper et d'ingérer la proie. Les facteurs gouvernant la prédation sont la température, la concentration en agar et son épaisseur ainsi que la surface disponible. En l'absence de proie, les acariens deviennent coprophages, ingérant leurs propres excreta. Aucun cannibalisme n'a été observé, tant en présence qu'en l'absence de proie. (Résumé d'auteur

Gandhi, Newton and the Enlightenment

Gandhi expressed opposition to the Enlightenment and even to science. His view is best understood in the context of a radical critique of a certain orthodoxy that emerged after the Enlightenment. That orthodoxy insists that we take a detached, impersonal standpoint in relation to nature. By contrast, Gandhi and his forebears in the radical enlightenment see nature as suffused with value, and allow us to approach nature from the first-person point of view

AJRAK: CLOTH FROM THE SOIL OF SINDH

Ajrak is a traditional cloth from the province of Sindh in Pakistan, whose lineage dates back to the period of the Indus Valley Civilization which flourished from 2500 - 1500 BC. Pakistan, bordered by India, Afghanistan and Iran, has the River Indus flowing southwards from the Himalayas and emptying into the Arabian Sea. Pakistan is only fifty-three years old as an independent country but excavations here have revealed several major ancient cities and their material cultures, which existed on this land thousands of years ago. Amongst a wealth of pottery and ornaments discovered at the site of Mehergarh (6500 - 4500 BC) was found the impression of a woven cloth. The celebrated statue of the King Priest discovered at Moenjodaro has a trefoil motif on the draped shawl. The ajrak craftsmen claim that the pattern is kakar, a cloud pattern. The same trefoil is seen on the Hathor Cow and on the bodies of Sumerian bulls in Mesopotamia where the concept of trinity was evolved. The trefoil is thought to be composed of three sun discs fused together to represent the inseparable unity of the Gods of Sun, Water and Earth. One of the greatest accomplishments of the sub-continent was the development of the technology of dyeing and printing of fabric. This is evident from the discovery of a dyer\u27s workshop at Moenjodaro. Indigo Ferra Tinetoria, the most ancient fabled dye also grew in abundance on the banks of River Indus. In 1930, hundreds of cotton fragments were retrieved from Al Fustat - harbor of Old Cairo - dating from the 11th to the 14th century AD. These fragments are the earliest known printed textiles. The simple patterns printed with small sized blocks, resist dyed in indigo and madder, bear a striking similarity to ajrak. Historically, Sindh has been trade-oriented and receptive to external influences. Over a period of time, the craftsmen developed printing techniques from simple resist patterning on one side, to the rich tonal, two-sided resist-printed cloth, the \u27ajrak\u27

Resistance of prey to predation and strike rate of the predators, Mononchoides longicaudatus and M. fortidens (Nematoda : Diplogasterida)

Resistance of prey nematodes to predation, strike rate of the predators, Mononchoides longicaudatus and M. fortidens and their ability to wound prey and feed upon them was determined on agar plates. M. longicaudatus and M. fortidens attacked al1 kinds of prey nematodes. The second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita and Anguina tritici and the adult Acrobeloides sp., Cephalobus sp., and Panagrellus redivivus were most susceptible to predation while Hemicriconemoides mangiferae and Hoplolaimus indicus were totally resistant. Hirschmanniella oryzae, Helicotylenchus indicus, Tylenchorhynchus mashhoodi, Xiphinema americanum, Rhabditis sp., Trichodorus sp., and Longidorus sp., were attacked with intermediate frequencies. M. longicaudatus took a minimum of 15-25 min. to finish a juvenile of M. incognita and maximum 80-110 min. for the Longidorus sp., white M. fortidens consistently consumed prey at a faster rate

The Determinants of Worker's Remittances in Pakistan

Remittances are basically a self-enforcing contractual arrangement betwc the individual migrant and the family. This idea of working abroad looks like tha may be a Pareto-superior strategy for the household when a member migra elsewhere either as a means of risk sharing or as an investment in excess to hig] earning streams. Remittances may then be seen as a device for redistributing gai with relative shares determined in an implicit arrangement struck between 1 migrant and the remaining family. The migrant adheres to the contractl arrangements as long as it is in his interest to do so. This interest may be eitl altruistic or more self-seeking, such as concern for inheritance or the right to retu home ulitmately in dignity

A theoretical assessment of Problems Faced by Women Entrepreneurs (in micro industry): A study of Indian scenario

Even though women make up over half of the population, female involvement in and promotion of activities connected to entrepreneurship is very limited in India. women play a vital role in the growth of society, their dreams to start their own businesses have not been effectively tapped owing to the carelessness of many parts of society, government institutions, and non-government organisations. Prior to, during, and after the process of starting their business, female entrepreneurs confront problems connected to gender prejudice as well as financial obstacles. The current study that is being conducted will try to evaluate and identify the various available opportunities and challenges that are being faced by women entrepreneurs while managing their enterprise. This evaluation and identification will take place as part of the current study that is being conducted. The primary objective of this research is to determine the status of female business owners in India, more especially in the garment industry, with a concentration on the state of Telangana. It is essential to do an analysis of the policies that are now being made accessible to female business owners by both the national government and the individual Indian states. The researcher intends to investigate whether the current policies are sufficient, and whether or not they even help to the growth and extension of the current position of women entrepreneurs in India. The anticipated result of the investigation that is now being carried out is going to be contributing to the growth of the modern entrepreneurial ecosystem in India