О "труднопереводимости" фразеологизмов

В данной статье рассматриваются теоретические вопросы перевода всех типов фразеологических словосочетаний.У цій статті розглядаються теоретичні питання перекладу всіх типів фразеологічних словосполучень.The article deals with the theoretical problems of all type idiom combination translations

Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease and dementia: lump, split or integrate?

This scientific commentary refers to ‘Cerebral amyloid angiopathy interacts with neuritic amyloid plaques to promote tau and cognitive decline’ by Rabin et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac178)

High blood pressure predicts hippocampal atrophy rate in cognitively impaired elders

INTRODUCTION: Understanding relationships among blood pressure (BP), cognition, and brain volume could inform Alzheimer's disease (AD) management. METHODS: We investigated Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) participants: 200 controls, 346 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 154 AD. National Alzheimer's Co‐ordinating Center (NACC) participants were separately analyzed: 1098 controls, 2297 MCI, and 4845 AD. Relationships between cognition and BP were assessed in both cohorts and BP and atrophy rates in ADNI. Multivariate mixed linear‐regression models were fitted with joint outcomes of BP (systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure), cognition (Mini‐Mental State Examination, Logical Memory, and Digit Symbol) and atrophy rate (whole‐brain, hippocampus). RESULTS: ADNI MCI and AD patients with greater baseline systolic BP had higher hippocampal atrophy rates ([r, P value]; 0.2, 0.005 and 0.2, 0.04, respectively). NACC AD patients with lower systolic BP had lower cognitive scores (0.1, 0.0003). DISCUSSION: Higher late‐life BP may be associated with faster decline in cognitively impaired elders

О распространении кольцевых гомеоморфизмов на границу

Samenvatting Koekkoek PS, Rutten GEHM, Van den Berg E, Kappelle LJ, Biessels GJ. Test Your Memory-test: een alternatief voor de MMSE. Huisarts Wet 2014;57(1):618-21. De Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is de meest gebruikte screeningstest om een indruk over het cognitieve functioneren te krijgen. Deze test kost relatief veel tijd en kan niet door patiënt zelfstandig uitgevoerd worden. De Test Your Memory-test (TYM) is een potentieel alternatief. In dit onderzoek worden uitkomsten van de TYM en de MMSE vergeleken met een neuropsychologisch onderzoek (NPO) in een populatie die niet met klinisch relevante cognitieve stoornissen bekend was. Mensen zonder bekende cognitieve stoornissen, ondergingen een NPO inclusief MMSE en een TYM. De relatie tussen de TYM, de MMSE en een NPO werd onderzocht met correlatieanalyses, ROC-curves voor discriminatie tussen ‘normale’ cognitie en ‘lichte cognitieve tekorten’ (≥ 1 SD onder het gemiddelde), en bland-altmanplots. 86 mensen vulden de TYM in (gemiddelde leeftijd 69 jaar; 59% man). De correlatie met een volledig NPO was significant sterker voor de TYM dan de MMSE (r = 0,78 versus r = 0,55; Steiger’s Z = 2,66, p < 0,01). De oppervlakte onder de ROC-curve was 0,88 (TYM) versus 0,71 (MMSE). Bland-altmanplots laten zien dat de TYM beter overeenkomt met het NPO dan de MMSE. De TYM komt beter overeen met een NPO dan de MMSE en maakt een beter onderscheid tussen ‘lichte cognitieve tekorten’ en normaal cognitief functioneren. Hiermee is de TYM een veelbelovende test voor gebruik in de huisartsenpraktijk

Diagnosing vascular cognitive impairment: Current challenges and future perspectives

Cerebrovascular disease is a major cause of cognitive decline and dementia. This is referred to as vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Diagnosing VCI is important, among others to optimize treatment to prevent further vascular injury. This narrative review addresses challenges in current diagnostic approaches to VCI and potential future developments. First we summarize how diagnostic criteria for VCI evolved over time. We then highlight challenges in diagnosing VCI in clinical practice: assessment of severity of vascular brain injury on brain imaging is often imprecise and the relation between vascular lesion burden and cognitive functioning shows high intersubject variability. This can make it difficult to establish causality in individual patients. Moreover, because VCI is essentially an umbrella term, it lacks specificity on disease mechanisms, prognosis, and treatment. We see the need for a fundamentally different approach to diagnosing VCI, which should be more dimensional, including multimodal quantitative assessment of injury, with more accurate estimation of cognitive impact, and include biological definitions of disease that can support further development of targeted treatment. Recent developments in the field that can form the basis of such an approach are discussed

Cognitive dysfunction in diabetes: how to implement emerging guidelines

Cognitive dysfunction, including mild cognitive impairment and dementia, is increasingly recognised as an important comorbidity and complication of diabetes that affects an individual's well-being and diabetes management, and is associated with diabetes treatment-related complications. Recent guidelines therefore recommend screening for cognitive impairment in older individuals with diabetes. In addition, these guidelines suggest that glucose-lowering treatment should be tailored in those diagnosed with cognitive impairment, to reduce the risk of hypoglycaemia and improve treatment adherence. This review gives an overview of cognitive dysfunction in people with diabetes, briefly describing the clinical features of different stages of cognitive dysfunction and their epidemiology. In particular, it addresses essential additional steps that need to be taken to fully implement the emerging guidelines on screening and management of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes into daily practice