Creation and counting of defects in a temperature quenched Bose-Einstein Condensate

We study the spontaneous formation of defects in the order parameter of a trapped ultracold bosonic gas while crossing the critical temperature for Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) at different rates. The system has the shape of an elongated ellipsoid, whose transverse width can be varied to explore dimensionality effects. For slow enough temperature quenches we find a power-law scaling of the average defect number with the quench rate, as predicted by the Kibble-Zurek mechanism. A breakdown of such a scaling is found for fast quenches, leading to a saturation of the average defect number. We suggest an explanation for this saturation in terms of the mutual interactions among defects.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figure

Emergence of coherence in a uniform quasi-two-dimensional Bose gas

Phase transitions are ubiquitous in our three-dimensional world. By contrast most conventional transitions do not occur in infinite uniform two-dimensional systems because of the increased role of thermal fluctuations. Here we explore the dimensional crossover of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) for a weakly interacting atomic gas confined in a novel quasi-two-dimensional geometry, with a flat in-plane trap bottom. We detect the onset of an extended phase coherence, using velocity distribution measurements and matter-wave interferometry. We relate this coherence to the transverse condensation phenomenon, in which a significant fraction of atoms accumulate in the ground state of the motion perpendicular to the atom plane. We also investigate the dynamical aspects of the transition through the detection of topological defects that are nucleated in a quench cooling of the gas, and we compare our results to the predictions of the Kibble-Zurek theory for the conventional BEC second-order phase transition.Comment: main text = 24 pages, 6 figures + supplementary material = 10 pages, 5 figure

Compensation of Beer-Lambert attenuation using non-diffracting Bessel beams

We report on a versatile method to compensate the linear attenuation in a medium, independently of its microscopic origin. The method exploits diffraction-limited Bessel beams and tailored on-axis intensity profiles which are generated using a phase-only spatial light modulator. This technique for compensating one of the most fundamental limiting processes in linear optics is shown to be efficient for a wide range of experimental conditions (modifying the refractive index and the attenuation coefficient). Finally, we explain how this method can be advantageously exploited in applications ranging from bio-imaging light sheet microscopy to quantum memories for future quantum communication networks

Transmission of near-resonant light through a dense slab of cold atoms

The optical properties of randomly positioned, resonant scatterers is a fundamentally difficult problem to address across a wide range of densities and geometries. We investigate it experimentally using a dense cloud of rubidium atoms probed with near-resonant light. The atoms are confined in a slab geometry with a sub-wavelength thickness. We probe the optical response of the cloud as its density and hence the strength of the light-induced dipole-dipole interactions are increased. We also describe a theoretical study based on a coupled dipole simulation which is further complemented by a perturbative approach. This model reproduces qualitatively the experimental observation of a saturation of the optical depth, a broadening of the transition and a blue shift of the resonance

Controlled Dicke Subradiance from a Large Cloud of Two-Level Systems

Dicke superradiance has been observed in many systems and is based on constructive interferences between many scattered waves. The counterpart of this enhanced dynamics, subradiance, is a destructive interference effect leading to the partial trapping of light in the system. In contrast to the robust superradiance, subradiant states are fragile and spurious decoherence phenomena hitherto obstructed the observation of such metastable states. We show that a dilute cloud of cold atoms is an ideal system to look for subradiance in free space and study various mechanisms to control this subradiance.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Effets coopératifs dans les nuages d'atomes froids

In this thesis, we investigate experimentally as well as theoretically collective effects in dilute clouds of cold atoms. In order to study the competition between cooperative effects and strong localization, we then implement a dipole trap that allows us to compress the cloud to dense regimes. The first chapter shows how a system of N atoms interacting via the electromagnetic field gives rise to cooperative effects: superradiance, subradiance, collective Lamb shift. Considering the situation where atoms are driven by an external laser field, we point out how collective effects occur and compute the cooperative radiation pressure force acting on the center of mass of the cloud. Subradiance is then studied by considering the system relaxation after switching off the driving laser field. The second chapter describes the experimental investigation of cooperative effects through measurements of the collective radiation pressure force. These measurements show good agreement with the theoretical model we have previously developed. The last chapter explores the experimental realization of a blue detuned crossed dipole trap whose size can be dynamically adjusted enabling us to compress the cloud to reach high density regimes.Ce travail de thèse concerne d'une part l'étude théorique et expérimentale des effets coopératifs dans les nuages d'atomes froids dilués et, d'autre part, le développement d'un piège dipolaire pour comprimer le nuage vers les régimes denses afin d'étudier la compétition entre les effets coopératifs et la localisation forte. Le premier chapitre montre comment un système de N atomes interagissant via le champ électromagnétique donne naissance aux effets coopératifs : superradiance, sousradiance, déplacement de Lamb collectif. En considérant la situation où les atomes sont pilotés par un champ laser extérieur, nous montrons comment les effets coopératifs se manifestent et calculons la force de pression de radiation collective s'exerçant sur le centre de masse du nuage. Le phénomène de sousradiance est ensuite étudié en considérant la relaxation du système après avoir coupé le laser. Le deuxième chapitre traite l'étude expérimentale des effets coopératifs en mesurant la force de pression de radiation coopérative. Les mesures sont en bon accord avec le modèle théorique développé précédemment. Enfin, le dernier chapitre décrit la réalisation d'un piège dipolaire croisé, désaccordé dans le bleu, dont la taille peut être ajustée dynamiquement pour comprimer le nuage dans les régimes de forte densité