La curva de tipos como indicador adelantado para anticipar las grandes recesiones de ee.uu desde el siglo XX

Since the 20th century, United States has suffered great economic recessions that even affected the economies of other countries, as expected, considering that it is one of the great world powers. These recessions have been anticipated through the yield curve, which is a graphical representation of interest rates of bonds offered by the government in the short and long term. Through this yield curve, the future of an economy can be predicted and valued, therefore it represents a fundamental importance when interpreting the expectations of investors, which is to generate profitability with data and information provided by the financial market. It is known that the yield curve, specifically the inverted one, has often been preceded by an economic recession, making it one of the most studied to anticipate these, as it was in the cases of the Great Depression, the oil crisis, The crisis of the 80s and the Great Recession in 2008, among others, is why today the great market analysts, seeing the trend of this curve, believe that for the next few years, United States will enter a recession again.RESUMEN.......................................................................................................................7ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................8INTRODUCCIÓN...........................................................................................................9OBJETIVOS...................................................................................................................11OBJETIVO GENERAL…………………………….…………….….…………...……11OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS.……………….…….………….…….………………….11CAPITULO I - FACTORES FUNDAMENTALES DE LA CURVA DE TIPOS PARA PRONOSTICAR LA RECESIÓN EN UN PAÍS……………….……….…………..12Curva de tipo de interés creciente………………………………………………………13Curva de tipo de interés invertida………………………………………………………14Curva de tipo de interés plana…………………………………….…………………….15Curva de tipo de interés oscilante o con joroba………………….……………………..16CAPITULO II - CÓMO HAN SERVIDO LAS CURVAS DE TIPO PARA ADELANTAR LAS GRANDES RECESIONES PRODUCIDAS DESDE EL SIGLO XX EN ESTADOS UNIDOS……………………………………………………………...18La Gran Depresión……………………………………………………………………...19Recesión de la década de los 80’s……………………………………………………....21La Gran Recesión del 2008……………………………………………………………..23CAPITULO III - SITUACIÓN ACTUAL DE LA ECONOMÍA DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS ……………………………………………………………………………….27CONCLUSIONES…………………………………………………………………….36BIBLOGRAFÍA……………………………………………………………………….37Desde el siglo XX Estados Unidos ha sufrido grandes recesiones económicas que incluso afectaron a las economías de otros países como es de esperarse, teniendo en cuenta que es una de las grandes potencias mundiales. Dichas recesiones han podido ser anticipadas mediante la curva de tipos, la cual es una representación gráfica de los tipos de interés, de los bonos ofrecidos por el gobierno a corto y largo plazo. Mediante esta curva de rendimientos se puede pronosticar y valorar el futuro de una economía, por lo tanto representa una importancia fundamental a la hora de interpretar las expectativas de los inversionistas, la cual es generar rentabilidad con datos e información que les brinda el mercado financiero. Es sabido que la curva de tipos, específicamente la invertida, ha sido muchas veces precedida por una recesión económica, convirtiéndola en una de las más estudiadas para adelantarse a estas, como lo fue en los casos de la Gran Depresión, la crisis del petróleo, la crisis de los 80 y la Gran Recesión en 2008, entre otras, es por ello que hoy en día los grandes analistas del mercado, viendo la tendencia de esta curva, creen que para los próximos años Estados Unidos entrará de nuevo en una recesión.PregradoAdministrador(a) en Finanzas y Negocios Internacionale

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field