838 research outputs found
Comment on "Penetration of Action Potentials During Collision in the Median and Lateral Giant Axons of Invertebrates"
The action potential (AP) is an electrical impulse elicited by depolarization of the neuronal membrane from the resting membrane potential (around -70  mV). It propagates along the axon, allowing for rapid and distant communication. Recently, it was claimed that two APs traveling in opposite direction will pass unhindered through each other (penetrate) upon collision [Gonzalez-Perez et al.Phys. Rev. X 4, 031047 (2014)PRXHAE2160-330810.1103/PhysRevX.4.031047]. We tested this claim under carefully controlled conditions and found that we cannot reproduce penetration. Instead, APs consistently annihilated upon collision. This is consistent with a vast body of literature
Influences of state anxiety on gaze behavior and stepping accuracy in older adults during adaptive locomotion
This article is available open access through the publisher’s website at the link below. Copyright © The Authors 2011.OBJECTIVES: Older adults deemed to be at a high risk of falling transfer their gaze from a stepping target earlier than their low-risk counterparts. The extent of premature gaze transfer increases with task complexity and is associated with a decline in stepping accuracy. This study tests the hypothesis that increased anxiety about upcoming obstacles is associated with (a) premature transfers of gaze toward obstacles (i.e., looking away from a target box prior to completing the step on it in order to fixate future constraints in the walkway) and (b) reduced stepping accuracy on the target in older adults. METHODS: High-risk (9) and low-risk (8) older adult participants walked a 10-m pathway containing a stepping target area followed by various arrangements of obstacles, which varied with each trial. Anxiety, eye movements, and movement kinematics were measured. RESULTS: Progressively increasing task complexity resulted in associated statistically significant increases in measures of anxiety, extent of early gaze transfer, and stepping inaccuracies in the high-risk group. DISCUSSION: These results provide evidence that increased anxiety about environmental hazards is related to suboptimal visual sampling behavior which, in turn, negatively influences stepping performance, potentially contributing to increased falls risk in older adults.Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Counci
Probing the dynamics of an optically trapped particle by phase sensitive back focal plane interferometry
The dynamics of an optically trapped particle are often determined by
measuring intensity shifts of the back-scattered light from the particle using
position sensitive detectors. We present a technique which measures the phase
of the back-scattered light using balanced detection in an external Mach-Zender
interferometer scheme where we separate out and beat the scattered light from
the bead and that from the top surface of our trapping chamber. The technique
has improved axial motion resolution over intensity-based detection, and can
also be used to measure lateral motion of the trapped particle. In addition, we
are able to track the Brownian motion of trapped 1 and 3 m diameter beads
from the phase jitter and show that, similar to intensity-based measurements,
phase measurements can also be used to simultaneously determine displacements
of the trapped bead as well as the spring constant of the trap. For lateral
displacements, we have matched our experimental results with a simulation of
the overall phase contour of the back-scattered light for lateral displacements
by using plane wave decomposition in conjunction with Mie scattering theory.
The position resolution is limited by path drifts of the interferometer which
we have presently reduced to obtain a displacement resolution of around 2 nm
for 1.1 m diameter probes by locking the interferometer to a frequency
stabilized diode laser.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figure
Band Gaps for Atoms in Light based Waveguides
The energy spectrum for a system of atoms in a periodic potential can exhibit
a gap in the band structure. We describe a system in which a laser is used to
produce a mechanical potential for the atoms, and a standing wave light field
is used to shift the atomic levels using the Autler-Townes effect, which
produces a periodic potential. The band structure for atoms guided by a hollow
optical fiber waveguide is calculated in three dimensions with quantised
external motion. The size of the band gap is controlled by the light guided by
the fiber. This variable band structure may allow the construction of devices
which can cool atoms. The major limitation on this device would be the
spontaneous emission losses.Comment: 7 pages, four postscript figures, uses revtex.sty, available through
http://online.anu.edu.au/Physics/papers/atom.htm
Hydrodynamic flow of expanding Bose-Einstein condensates
We study expansion of quasi-one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)
after switching off the confining harmonic potential. Exact solution of
dynamical equations is obtained in framework of the hydrodynamic approximation
and it is compared with the direct numerical simulation of the full problem
showing excellent agreement at realistic values of physical parameters. We
analyze the maximum of the current density and estimate the velocity of
expansion. The results of the 1D analysis provides also qualitative
understanding of some properties of BEC expansion observed in experiments.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, RevTeX4. To appear in Physical Review
Extending the bandwidth of optical-tweezers interferometry
The extension of the bandwidth of optical-tweezers interferometry was discussed. It was found that the detection bandwidth was extended to at least 100 KHz, either by using wavelengths below 850 nm or by using different detectors at longer wavelengths. The power spectral density of the Brownian motion of micron-sized beads in optical tweezers was also measured
On the 3-particle scattering continuum in quasi one dimensional integer spin Heisenberg magnets
We analyse the three-particle scattering continuum in quasi one dimensional
integer spin Heisenberg antiferromagnets within a low-energy effective field
theory framework. We exactly determine the zero temperature dynamical structure
factor in the O(3) nonlinear sigma model and in Tsvelik's Majorana fermion
theory. We study the effects of interchain coupling in a Random Phase
Approximation. We discuss the application of our results to recent
neutron-scattering experiments on the Haldane-gap material .Comment: 8 pages of revtex, 5 figures, small changes, to appear in PR
Evaporative cooling of trapped fermionic atoms
We propose an efficient mechanism for the evaporative cooling of trapped
fermions directly into quantum degeneracy. Our idea is based on an electric
field induced elastic interaction between trapped atoms in spin symmetric
states. We discuss some novel general features of fermionic evaporative cooling
and present numerical studies demonstrating the feasibility for the cooling of
alkali metal fermionic species Li, K, and Rb. We also
discuss the sympathetic cooling of fermionic hyperfine spin mixtures, including
the effects of anisotropic interactions.Comment: to be publishe
Charge stability and charge-state-based spin readout of shallow nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
Spin-based applications of the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV)
center in diamonds require efficient spin readout. One approach is the
spin-to-charge conversion (SCC), relying on mapping the spin states onto the
neutral (NV) and negative (NV) charge states followed by a subsequent
charge readout. With high charge-state stability, SCC enables extended
measurement times, increasing precision and minimizing noise in the readout
compared to the commonly used fluorescence detection. Nano-scale sensing
applications, however, require shallow NV centers within a few \si{\nano
\meter} distance from the surface where surface related effects might degrade
the NV charge state. In this article, we investigate the charge state
initialization and stability of single NV centers implanted \approx
\SI{5}{\nano \meter} below the surface of a flat diamond plate. We demonstrate
the SCC protocol on four shallow NV centers suitable for nano-scale sensing,
obtaining a reduced readout noise of 5--6 times the spin-projection noise
limit. We investigate the general applicability of SCC for shallow NV centers
and observe a correlation between NV charge-state stability and readout noise.
Coating the diamond with glycerol improves both charge initialization and
stability. Our results reveal the influence of the surface-related charge
environment on the NV charge properties and motivate further investigations to
functionalize the diamond surface with glycerol or other materials for
charge-state stabilization and efficient spin-state readout of shallow NV
centers suitable for nano-scale sensing.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figure
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