Additional file 2: of Sociodemographic factors and pregnancy outcomes associated with prepregnancy obesity: effect modification of parity in the nationwide Epifane birth-cohort

Table S2. Sensitivity analyses estimating the association of sociodemographic factors with prepregnancy BMI category in the sample with non-imputed information concerning parity status: multinomial regression model stratified on parity (n = 2888). (DOCX 25 kb

Growth data 5-18y

Growth data 5-18

Growth data 0-5y

Growth data 0-5

Mean z-scores of exclusively/never breastfed children according to both growth charts.

<p>Mean z-scores of exclusively/never breastfed children according to both growth charts.</p

Characteristics of the studies used for analyses of children from birth to 5 years.

<p>EDEN, <b>E</b>tude des déterminants pré- et post natals du <b>D</b>éveloppement et de la santé de l’<b>E</b>nfant; ELANCE, <b>E</b>tude <b>L</b>ongitudinale <b>A</b>limentation <b>N</b>utrition <b>C</b>roissance des <b>E</b>nfants; ELFE, <b>E</b>tude <b>L</b>ongitudinale <b>F</b>rançaise depuis l’<b>E</b>nfance; EPIPAGE, <b>E</b>tude <b>EPI</b>démiologique sur les <b>P</b>etits <b>A</b>ges <b>G</b>estationnels; FLVS, <b>F</b>leurbaix <b>L</b>aventie <b>V</b>ille <b>S</b>anté; PELAGIE, <b>P</b>erturbateurs <b>E</b>ndocriniens: étude <b>L</b>ongitudinale sur les <b>A</b>nomalies de la <b>G</b>rossesse, l’<b>I</b>nfertilité et l’<b>E</b>nfance.</p><p>Characteristics of the studies used for analyses of children from birth to 5 years.</p

Percentage of children classified as overweight (including obesity), obese and at risk of overweight.

<p>SD: Standard Deviation; IOTF: International Obesity Task Force</p><p>C-25 and C-30 correspond to centiles that match BMI 25 and 30 kg/m² at 18 years</p><p>^†WHO > 1 SD correspond to WHO > 85^th</p><p>^‡WHO > 2 SD correspond to WHO > 97.7^th</p><p>*Overweight includes ‘obesity’</p><p>**At risk of overweight includes ‘overweight’ and ‘obesity’</p><p>Percentage of children classified as overweight (including obesity), obese and at risk of overweight.</p

Growth data 0-5y breastfeeding

Growth data 0-5y breastfeedin

Mean z-scores of our French population (5–18 years) according to both growth charts.

<p>Mean z-scores of our French population (5–18 years) according to both growth charts.</p

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions