FITNESS_estimation

FITNESS_estimatio

Genotypic selection analysis with selection differentials (S), selection gradients (β), quadratic selection coefficients (γ) for phenological traits in each treatment.

<p>GERM: germination timing, BT: bolting time, INT: interval between bolting and anthesis, ANT: anthesis, FLO: flowering, RP: reproductive period duration, FRR: flowering-to-reproductive period ratio. Selection was stabilizing when γ<0 and disruptive when γ>0. Standard errors (SE) are in parentheses. Values in bold indicate significantly different selection coefficients compared to the ‘control’ treatment. Because ANT integrates BT and INT, ANT was not included in polynomial regressions.</p>*<p>0.05><i>P</i>>0.01,</p>**<p>0.01><i>P</i>>0.001,</p>***<p><i>P</i><0.001. NE: not estimated.</p

Relationship between bolting time and fitness for each treatment at both phenotypic and genotypic levels.

<p>For illustration purposes, a polynomial regression including both linear and quadratic terms described either in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032069#pone-0032069-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> (phenotypic level) or in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032069#pone-0032069-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a> (genotypic level) was first performed including all traits but bolting time. Then, a second polynomial regression including the linear and quadratic terms associated with bolting time was run on the residual fitness of the first polynomial regression. The black lines were drawn using the parameters from this second polynomial regression. BT: bolting time. BT is expressed in standardized values.</p

Effect of water stress and competition on phenological traits and fitness.

<p>INT: interval between bolting and anthesis, ANT: anthesis, FLO: flowering, RP: reproductive period duration, FRR: flowering-to-reproductive period ratio, FITNESS: total silique length as a proxy of seed production. INT, FT, FP and RP are expressed in days. FITNESS is expressed in millimeters. Ctl: ‘control’ treatment. W−: ‘moderate water stress’ treatment. W+: ‘severe water stress’ treatment. C−: ‘moderate competition’ treatment. C+: ‘intense competition’ treatment. For each phenotypic trait, different letters indicate different phenotypic means among treatments after a Tukey's test of multiple comparisons of means (<i>P</i> = 0.05). Data are not available for RP and FRR in the two ‘water stress’ treatments (see Material and Methods).</p

Phenotypic selection analysis with selection differentials (S), selection gradients (β), quadratic selection coefficients (γ) for phenological traits in each treatment.

<p>GERM: germination timing, BT: bolting time, INT: interval between bolting and anthesis, ANT: anthesis, FLO: flowering, RP: reproductive period duration, FRR: flowering-to-reproductive period ratio. Selection is stabilizing when γ<0 and disruptive when γ>0. Standard errors (SE) are in parentheses. Values in bold indicate significantly different selection coefficients compared to the ‘control’ treatment. Because ANT integrates BT and INT, ANT was not included in polynomial regressions.</p>*<p>0.05><i>P</i>>0.01,</p>**<p>0.01><i>P</i>>0.001,</p>***<p><i>P</i><0.001. NE: not estimated.</p

Evolution of bolting time in experimental populations of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> in the ‘water stress’ treatments.

<p>Control: ‘control’ treatment. W1–W4 correspond to the four water stress intensities simulating mild to severe drought (i.e. bottom-watering stopped either 46, 39, 32 or 25 days after sowing for W1, W2, W3 and W4, respectively). BT (bolting time) is expressed in days. G0: initial experimental generation, G1–G4: four successive experimental generations. For each treatment, different letters indicate different phenotypic means among generations after a Tukey's test of multiple comparisons of means (<i>P</i> = 0.05). For each treatment, a box-plot representing raw data is given for each experimental generation.</p

Evolution of phenological traits in experimental evolution populations of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> in the ‘water stress’ and ‘competition’ treatments.

<p>For each environmental stress treatment, values indicate 95^th percentile of <i>P</i>-values obtained for each tested factor after simulating the initial composition of the theoretical G₀ populations 500 times (see Material and Methods section). Values in bold indicate significant <i>P</i>-values. GERM: germination timing, BT: bolting time, INT: interval between bolting and anthesis, FLO: flowering, RP: reproductive period duration, FRR: flowering-to-reproductive period ratio.</p

Correlations among phenological traits in five treatments.

<p>Within each treatment, phenotypic and genetic Pearson correlations are given above and below the diagonal, respectively. GERM: germination timing, BT: bolting time, INT: interval between bolting and anthesis, FLO: flowering, RP: reproductive period duration, FRR: flowering-to-reproductive period ratio. The correlations between RP or FRR and the other phenological traits were not computed for the two water stress treatments (see Material and Methods section).</p>*<p>0.05><i>P</i>>0.01,</p>**<p>0.01><i>P</i>>0.001,</p>***<p><i>P</i><0.001. NA: not available.</p

Estimates of broad-sense heritability (<i>H²</i>) for seven phenological traits in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> in five treatments.

<p>GERM: germination timing, BT: bolting time, INT: interval between bolting and anthesis, ANT: anthesis, FLO: flowering, RP: reproductive period duration, FRR: flowering-to-reproductive period ratio, FITNESS: total silique length as a proxy of seed production. Asterisks indicate a significant RIL effect in the analyses of variance performed to estimate <i>H²</i>.</p>*<p>0.05><i>P</i>>0.01,</p>**<p>0.01><i>P</i>>0.001,</p>***<p><i>P</i><0.001,</p>ns<p>: non-significant. NE: not estimated.</p

Relationship between flowering and fitness for each treatment at phenotypic and genotypic levels.

<p>For illustration purposes, a polynomial regression including both linear and quadratic terms described either in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032069#pone-0032069-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> (phenotypic level) or in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032069#pone-0032069-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a> (genotypic level) was first performed including all traits but flowering duration. Then, a second polynomial regression including the linear and quadratic terms associated with flowering duration was run on the residual fitness of the first polynomial regression. The black lines were drawn using the parameters from this second polynomial regression. FLO: flowering. FLO is expressed in standardized values. The absence of a black line indicates that there is no significant linear or quadratic relationship between fitness and flowering (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032069#pone-0032069-t001" target="_blank">Tables 1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032069#pone-0032069-t002" target="_blank">2</a>).</p