ТАБАКОКУРЕНИЕ КАК ФАКТОР РИСКА ДЛЯ ЗДОРОВЬЯ КУРСАНТОВ ВОЕННОГО ИНСТИТУТА

The purpose of this paper is to examine the problem of smoking among students at the Military Institute of the Interior Ministry of Russia. The methodological basis of the prominence of the studies of medicine, pedagogy and psychology. The main methods in the course of the work were: analysis, synthesis, comparison, analogy, the method of deduction, induction method, the dialectical method, synthesis, etc. The results of the study are theoretical positions that can be used in modern medicine and educational practice.Целью данной работы является рассмотрение проблемы табакокурения среди курсантов в военном институте внутренних войск МВД России. Методологической основой работы выступали положения исследований медицины, педагогики и психологии. Основными методами в ходе проведения работы были: анализ, синтез, сравнение, аналогия, метод дедукции, метод индукции, диалектический метод, обобщение и др. Результатами исследования являются теоретические положения, которые можно использовать в современной медицине и образовательной практике

A mitochondrial pathway for biosynthesis of lipid mediators

The central role of mitochondria in metabolic pathways and in cell death mechanisms requires sophisticated signaling systems. Essential in this signaling process is an array of lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, the molecular machinery for the production of oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids is localized in the cytosol and their biosynthesis has not been identified in mitochondria. Here we report that a range of diversified polyunsaturated molecular species derived from a mitochondria-specific phospholipid, cardiolipin, are oxidized by the intermembrane space hemoprotein, cytochrome c. We show that an assortment of oxygenated cardiolipin species undergoes phospholipase A2-catalyzed hydrolysis thus generating multiple oxygenated fatty acids, including well known lipid mediators. This represents a new biosynthetic pathway for lipid mediators. We demonstrate that this pathway including oxidation of polyunsaturated cardiolipins and accumulation of their hydrolysis products – oxygenated linoleic, arachidonic acids and monolyso-cardiolipins – is activated in vivo after acute tissue injury

Lytic and non-lytic permeabilization of cardiolipin-containing lipid bilayers induced by cytochrome C.

The release of cytochrome c (cyt c) from mitochondria is an important early step during cellular apoptosis, however the precise mechanism by which the outer mitochondrial membrane becomes permeable to these proteins is as yet unclear. Inspired by our previous observation of cyt c crossing the membrane barrier of giant unilamellar vesicle model systems, we investigate the interaction of cyt c with cardiolipin (CL)-containing membranes using the innovative droplet bilayer system that permits electrochemical measurements with simultaneous microscopy observation. We find that cyt c can permeabilize CL-containing membranes by induction of lipid pores in a dose-dependent manner, with membrane lysis eventually observed at relatively high (µM) cyt c concentrations due to widespread pore formation in the membrane destabilizing its bilayer structure. Surprisingly, as cyt c concentration is further increased, we find a regime with exceptionally high permeability where a stable membrane barrier is still maintained between droplet compartments. This unusual non-lytic state has a long lifetime (>20 h) and can be reversibly formed by mechanically separating the droplets before reforming the contact area between them. The transitions between behavioural regimes are electrostatically driven, demonstrated by their suppression with increasing ionic concentrations and their dependence on CL composition. While membrane permeability could also be induced by cationic PAMAM dendrimers, the non-lytic, highly permeable membrane state could not be reproduced using these synthetic polymers, indicating that details in the structure of cyt c beyond simply possessing a cationic net charge are important for the emergence of this unconventional membrane state. These unexpected findings may hold significance for the mechanism by which cyt c escapes into the cytosol of cells during apoptosis