From screen to target: insights and approaches for the development of anti-virulence compounds

A detailed understanding of host-pathogen interactions provides exciting opportunities to interfere with the infection process. Anti-virulence compounds aim to modulate or pacify pathogenesis by reducing expression of critical virulence determinants. In particular, prevention of attachment by inhibiting adhesion mechanisms has been the subject of intense research. Whilst it has proven relatively straightforward to develop robust screens for potential anti-virulence compounds, understanding their precise mode of action has proven much more challenging. In this review we illustrate this challenge from our own experiences working with the salicylidene acylhydrazide group of compounds. We aim to provide a useful perspective to guide researchers interested in this field and to avoid some of the obvious pitfalls

Intel v. Hamidi: Spam as a Trespass to Chattels - Deconstruction of a Private Right of Action in California, 22 J. Marshall J. Computer & Info. L. 205 (2003)

This casenote analyzes and critiques the decision reached by the California Supreme Court in Intel v. Hamidi. Intel v. Hamidi runs contrary to other cases that have found a cause of action for trespass to chattels where harm was caused by unwanted electronic communications: Thrifty-Tel, Inc. v. Benezek, eBay v. Bidder’s Edge, and CompuServe v. Cyber Promotions. The California Supreme Court in Intel v. Hamidi suggested other causes of action Intel could have brought instead of trespass to chattels. The casenote looks at each proffered alternative and concludes that none of the alternatives were feasible and that Intel should have succeeded with its original trespass to chattels action. This casenote concludes that the California Supreme Court should have recognized that Intel had a valid cause of action and that Intel established a sufficient showing of harm

The structure of an orthorhombic crystal form of a 'forced reduced' thiol peroxidase reveals lattice formation aided by the presence of the affinity tag

Thiol peroxidase (Tpx) is an atypical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, which has been suggested to be important for cell survival and virulence in Gram-negative pathogens. The structure of a catalytically inactive version of this protein in an orthorhombic crystal form has been determined by molecular replacement. Structural alignments revealed that Tpx is conserved. Analysis of the crystal packing shows that the linker region of the affinity tag is important for formation of the crystal lattice

Achievement Orientation and Learned Helplessness in Women

One hundred and fifty-five Texas juries were examined to determine the sex of the person elected foreman. Because the role of the foreman is traditionally a male role and a leadership role, it was hypothesized that few women would strive for the position of foreman and that few would be elected to it. It is believed that the proportion of women foremen is a reflection of lack of achievement orientation (or learned helplessness) on the part of women in this situation, and of the degree to which members of the group have internalized the concept that women are less competent than men for a traditionally male leadership role. Of the 155 foremen only 14 were women, a finding which is significant at the .00001 level

Classification and regression algorithms for WEKA implemented in Python

WEKA is a popular machine learning workbench written in Java that allows users to easily classify, process, and explore data. There are many ways WEKA can be used: through the WEKA Explorer, users can visualise data, train classifiers and examine performance metrics; in the WEKA Experimenter, datasets and algorithms can be compared in an automated fashion; or, it can simply be invoked on the command-line or used as an external library in a Java project

MIUS integration and subsystems test program

The MIUS Integration and Subsystems Test (MIST) facility at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center was completed and ready in May 1974 for conducting specific tests in direct support of the Modular Integrated Utility System (MIUS). A series of subsystems and integrated tests was conducted since that time, culminating in a series of 24-hour dynamic tests to further demonstrate the capabilities of the MIUS Program concepts to meet typical utility load profiles for a residential area. Results of the MIST Program are presented which achieved demonstrated plant thermal efficiencies ranging from 57 to 65 percent

REACTIVE STRENGTH INDEX-MODIFIED: A COMPARISON BETWEEN SIX U.S. COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC TEAMS

The purpose of this study was to compare reactive strength index-modified (RSImod) between six U.S. collegiate sport teams. One hundred six athletes performed maximum effort countermovement jumps during unloaded and loaded conditions. RSImod measures for each team were compared using one-way ANOVAs, and Bonferroni post hoc tests where warranted. Statistically significant differences in RSImod values existed between teams during both unloaded (< 1kg) and loaded (20kg) conditions. The greatest RSImod values during both conditions were produced by men’s soccer and followed in order by baseball, women’s volleyball, men’s tennis, women’s soccer, and women’s tennis. The data indicate that athletes from different sports possess different reactive strength characteristics

A COMPARISON OF BASEBALL POSITIONAL DIFFERENCES WITH REACTIVE STRENGTH INDEX-MODIFIED

The purpose of this study was to examine positional differences amongst 29 baseball players using the Reactive Strength Index-modified (RSImod) values during unloaded and loaded countermovement jumps (CMJ). A secondary purpose was to determine the relationship between other jump performance characteristics and RSImod values. All athletes underwent CMJ testing and RSImod values were compared between pitchers and position players. The loaded condition CMJ produced statistically different RSImod values between the two groups. Scaled peak force was somewhat more strongly related to RSImod than rate of force development (RFD). The current study indicates that position players may possess higher reactive strength capabilities than pitchers and scaled peak force may be more important than RFD in determining reactive strength characteristics

THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE REACTIVE STRENGTH INDEX-MODIFIED AND MEASURES OF FORCE DEVELOPMENT IN THE ISOMETRIC MID-THIGH PULL

Reactive strength index-modified (RSImod) may be an important variable to measure in the performance testing and monitoring of athletes, and very little work has examined this particular variable. One hundred six Division-I collegiate athletes performed countermovement jumps and the isometric mid-thigh pull. The relationship between the RSImod and variables from the isometric mid-thigh pull representative of explosive performance were evaluated with Pearson’s r. Relationships between RSImod and variables related to explosiveness ranged from moderate to large. Maximum and relative maximum strength had the strongest correlations to RSImod. RSImod appears to be a measure of explosiveness. Furthermore, an athlete’s isometric strength may be an indicator of their reactive strength

THE USE OF REACTIVE STRENGTH INDEX-MODIFIED AS AN EXPLOSIVE PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT IN MALE AND FEMALE ATHLETES

This study examined the reliability of reactive strength index-modified (RSImod), relationships between RSImod and force-time variables, and difference in RSImod between male and female collegiate athletes. 106 Division I collegiate athletes performed unloaded and loaded countermovement jumps. Intraclass correlation coefficients and coefficients of variation were used to establish the reliability of RSImod. Correlations were calculated between RSImod and rate of force development, peak force, and peak power. RSImod appears to be a reliable performance measurement in male and female athletes. Furthermore, RSImod has moderate to very large relationships with rate of force development, peak force, and peak power. Statistically significant differences in RSImod existed between males and females during both unloaded and loaded CMJs