Chemical composition of the essential oil of Salvia bracteata Banks and the biological activity of its extracts: antioxidant, total phenolic, total flavonoid, antifungal and allelopathic effects

he present study was conducted with the aim of determining biological activities of the Salvia bracteata plant, activities such as its antioxidant, total phenolic, total flavonoid, allelopathic and antifungal effects. To this end, aboveground parts (flowers + shoots + leaves) of S. bracteata plants were collected in the province of Kirsehir, Turkey, during the flowering stage in 2018. As a result of GC-MS analysis, 23 constituents were identified, representing 96.21% of the essential oil. The major compounds of essential oil were identified as ledol (24.12%), camphor (15.54%) and valencene (5.64%). In ethyl acetate, methanol and hexane extracts of S. bracteata, total phenolic content was found to be 104.63, 121.66 and 20.97 mg of GAE/g of extract, respectively, while flavonoid content was 12.89, 10.85 and 1.13 mg of QE/g of extract, respectively. In addition to this, DPPII radical removal activity was identified and found to be at its highest in the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts. The TEAC (cation radical removal activity), FRAP (iron reduction power) and CUPRAC (copper reduction power) reduction activities of these plant extracts were also determined. The methanol extract of S. bracteata was found to have an allelopathic effect on Rumex crispus and Taraxacum officinale. This extract had a weak effect on development of the mycelium of Alternaria solani Sorauer, one of the most significant of plant-pathogenic fungi, but it was found to be ineffective on the Sderotinia sclerotiorum pathogen

ANTIFUNGAL POTENTIAL OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF SALVIA OFFICINALIS AND SALVIA TOMENTOSA PLANTS ON SIX DIFFERENT ISOLATES OF ASCOCHYTA RABIEI (PASS.) LABR.

WOS: 000463297500066This study was conducted to determine the antifungal activity of the essential oils of the Salvia officinalis and Salvia tomentosa plants on Ascochyta rabiei (Chickpea blight) which is an important chickpea disease. As a result of the study, S. officinalis and S. tomentosa plant essential oils were applied to the isolates of A. rabiei at the doses of 0 (Control), 1, 2, 4, 8, 10 mu L petri(-1). Essential oils are impregnated on the filter papers sticked to the petri dish with a micropipette at the application doses and the lids were immediately covered with a para-film and left to incubate at the temperature of 23 degrees C for 15 days. At the end of the 15-day incubation, the measurements of mycelium diameters of isolates in petri dishes were carried out with electronic calipers. As a result, S. officinalis essential oil inhibited mycelium growth of Isolate 2 and Isolate 3 by 100% at the dose of 10 mu L petri(-1). S. tomentosa essential oil inhibited the mycelium growth of Isolate 3, Isolate 4, Isolate 5, Isolate 6 by 100%. A difference was found in the responses of Anthracnose isolates to plant essential oils and to application doses. S. tomentosa was found to be more effective on the isolates. The findings indicate that both of these essential oils can be used as an alternative to synthetic fungicides in controlling the A. rabiei pathogen

THE ANTIFUNGAL AND PHYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PLANT EXTRACTS OF SALVIA VIRGATA JACQ

WOS: 000467668200062This study was conducted in order to investigate the phytotoxic and antifungal activity of the methanol and n-hexane extracts obtained from the surface parts of the Salvia virgata Jacq. plant collected in Kirsehir province. In the experiments, S. virgata extracts were prepared and used in 125, 250, 500, 1000 ppm doses. The seeds of Lactuca sativa L., Lepidium sativum L., and Triticum vulgare L., plants were placed as 25 seeds for each of Petri dishes with a 9-cm diameter, which two layers of filter paper were placed, and it was humidified thoroughly for control purpose with distilled water and plant extracts (125, 250, 500, 1000 ppm) and then they were left for incubation for 3 weeks at 24 degrees C +/- 1 conditions. At the end of the period, the germination percentages, root-shoot developments and wet and dry weights of the seeds were determined. In the antifungal studies, the plant methanol and hexane extracts were added to the PDA environments prepared in the way for their final concentration to be 125, 250, 500, 1000 ppm doses. In the study, Thiram (80%) fungicide was used as the negative control (only PDA) and positive control. The extract and Thiram-added PDA were transferred to the petri dishes with 60-mm diameter. The mycelium of the pathogens was transferred to these petri dishes and left to incubation for 7 days. According to the trial results, the seed germinations of the S. virgata methanol and n-hexane extracts inhibited garden cress, wheat, and lettuce at the rate of 79.45%, 18.67%, 88.57%, and 78.08%, 82.86%, 100%, respectively. The mycelium developments of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, Alternaria solani (Ell. And G. Martin) Fusarium oxysporum f sp radicis lycopersici, and Verticillium dahliae pathogens were inhibited by 1000 ppm dose of methanol and n-hexane extracts; 0%, 28.17%, 38.77%, 0% and 2.43%, 36.04%, 37.0%, and 72.22%

Relative Income Growth and Convergence. CEPS EU-Turkey Working Papers No. 8, 1 August 2004

Health not wealth should be the decisive criterion when considering the prospects of Turkey's application for EU membership. This paper assesses the growth prospects for the Turkish economy over the next decade. It implicitly ask whether Turkey can start closing the gap with the EU in terms of income per capita once it has achieved macroeconomic stability and negotiations with the EU provide an anchor for overall economic policy-making. Viewed from this perspective, the outlook is promising. Turkey is still very poor, compared to most of the existing EU members, but is also more dynamic. The fact that most of the so-called ‘periphery’ is now growing more strongly than the ‘core’ confirms that within an enlarged EU the poorer member countries are likely to prosper and thus cause fewer problems than widely anticipated. The analysis starts by relating the record of Turkey over the last years, which is a story of ‘ups’ and ‘downs’, with most recently a very strong ‘up’. This is then followed by a comparison of two different metrics: GDP per capita and per worker, which leads us to the issue of demographic trends, which differentiate Turkey from both old and new member states. Some of the structural and regional peculiarities of the Turkish economy are next examined, followed by an evaluation of the factors that should determine growth in the longer run. Finally, two upbeat growth scenarios are drawn

Turkey and the EU Budget: Prospects and Issues. CEPS EU-Turkey Working Papers No. 6, 1 August 2004

When calculating the cost of Turkish membership for the incumbent members, one must appreciate that this process is highly speculative. Not only Turkey, but also the EU are evolving and changing constantly. In addition, one cannot know with certainty what the rules concerning the budget will be by the time of accession. Nevertheless, there are ways to – at least to some extent– to calculate the cost that Turkey as a fully integrated EU member would represent to the budget. The first possibility is to calculate what Turkey would receive under the Common Agricultural Policy and the Structural Funds, as a full member today. The second approach would be to calculate what the EU would have to pay by a likely accession date such as 2015, under current rules. In this context, one should not ignore transitional arrangements such as PHARE and other pre-accession programmes that Romania and Bulgaria already benefit from. Although we are aware of the fact that the elaborated numbers may be altered, one may say that net transfers would have a significant impact in Turkey, while being a manageable amount for the EU budget

Ergen Ve Anne Bildirimine Göre Ebeveyn Akran Yönetiminin Öncülleri Ve Akran Ilişkileri Açısından Sonuçları

The overarching aim of this study was to investigate the antecedents of parental peermanagement and its consequences on peer relations from both adolescents’ andmothers’ perspectives. First, we examined the predictor role of parental goals andparental beliefs, and characteristics of adolescents and their friends on the parental peermanagement strategies (support, control and prohibiting). Second, we examined thepredictor role of the parental peer management strategies on positive and negativefriendship, and social competence as well as the mediator role of autonomousmotivation in friendship domain. In both models, moderator role of gender, adolescencestage (early and middle adolescence) and autonomy supportive and warm familyclimate were investigated.Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, ebeveyn akran yönetiminin öncüllerini ve akran ilişkileriaçısından sonuçlarını incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, birinci olarak hem annenininançları ve amaçlarının hem de ergenin ve arkadaşının özelliklerinin destekleme,kontrol ve yasaklama stratejileri üzerindeki yordayıcı rolü incelemiştir. İkinci olarak isesöz konusu stratejilerin olumlu arkadaşlık, olumsuz arkadaşlık ve sosyal yeterliküzerindeki yordayıcı rolü ve bu ilişkide arkadaşlık alanındaki özerk motivasyonun aracırolü incelenmiştir. Önerilen modellerde anne ve ergen raporları kullanılmış, cinsiyet,ergenlik evresi ve özerkliği destekleyici ve sıcak aile iklimi düzeyinin düzenleyicirolleri incelenmiştir.Araştırmanın verileri 2014-15 Eğitim-Öğretim Yılı Güz Döneminde toplanmıştır

Determination of Antifungal Activity of Mentha spicata L. Essential Oils Against Different Isolates of Chickpea Blight Disease [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass) Labr.]

This study was conducted to determine the antifungal activity of Mentha spicata L. essential oils against 5 different isolates of Chickpea Blight (Ascochyta rabiei) under in vitro conditions. The antifungal activity assay was performed in 60 mm Petri dishes containing 10 ml Potato-Dextrose-Agar (PDA) media. 5 mm diameter fungal discs were placed in the middle of Petri dishes. The essential oils was added to the sterile drying papers stuck to the Petri dishes using micropipette at doses of 0 (control), 1, 3, 5 and 10 μl. Petri dishes sealed with parafilm were incubated for 14 days at 25 ° C. Measurements were made after completion of the incubation period and percent inhibition of mycelial growth was determined. In conclusion, different doses of M. spicata essential oil inhibited fungus mycelial growth at different ratios, and 10 uL dose completely (100%) stopped mycelial growth of fungus. As a result of this study, it has been determined that M. spicata essential oils has a strong antifungal activity in vitro conditions

Stabilising Stabilisation. CEPS EU-Turkey Working Papers No. 7, 1 August 2004

Recurrent severe macroeconomic crises have not allowed the Turkish economy to realise its growth potential over the last two decades. The stabilisation programme launched after the latest crisis in the spring of 2001 has so far been successful in the sense that inflation has fallen from over 70% to less than 10% and public debt is declining slowly as a % of GDP. The key task now is to transform this hard won stability into a normal state of affairs, i.e. to stabilise stabilisation. This paper addresses several aspects of this overall task. Section 1 gives a brief overview of what has been achieved so far. It then turns to the key variable that determines Turkey’s vulnerability to shocks, namely the debt-to-GDP ratio and its dynamics. Section 3 then deals with external vulnerability: How can Turkey import capital to accelerate its convergence with the EU without accumulating a crippling foreign debt burden? FDI might play a crucial role here (as it did, and still does, for the new member countries). Section 4 then deals with the quality of the institutions that determine the performance of the Turkish economy in a European context. Section 5 concludes

Determination of the Essential Oil Composition and the Antifungal Activities of Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.)

WOS: 000432900400024This study aimed to determine the composition andthe antifungal activity of the essential oils of Vaccinium myrtillus and Laurus nobilis plants. In the study, 22 components were identified in the essential oil of V myrtillus, which represented 100 % of the total essential oils. Accordingly, 1,8-cineole (41.07 %), beta-Linalool (12.72 %), alpha-Pinene (12.17 %) and Myrtenol (6.48%) were determined as the main components of the essential oil of V. myrtillus. The essential oil of L. nobilis consisted of 39 compounds and 1,8-cineole (50.68 %), alpha-Terpinyl acetate (14.19 %), 4-Terpinenol (4.07 %) and alpha-Terpineol (2.90 %) were determined as the main components, which represented 100 %of the total essential oils. In the trials, doses of 0 (control) 1, 2, 4, 8 and 10 mu L/petri dish were used. V myrtillus essential oil inhibited mycelial growth in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.), Alternaria solani, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (Sacc.) W.C. Synder & H.N. Hans (FORL) and and Verticillium dahliae Kleb by 61.38 %, 100 %, 80.36 % and 57.91 % respectively. Bay laurel essential oil at 10 mu L/petri dish dose inhibited the mycelial growth of A. solani, S. sclerotiorum, (FORL) by 100 %, whereas it inhibited the mycelial growth in V dahliae by 61.23 %. Study results showed that V myrtillus and L. nobilis essential oils have strong antifungal activities

COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF SOME EXTRACTION SOLVENTS ON THE ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIFUNGAL AND BIOHERBICIDES ACTIVITY OF IN VITRO CONDITIONS OF CRAMBE ORIENTALIS CRUDE EXTRACTS

There arc important benefits in finding environmentally friendly methods that can replace pesticide in some plant biotic stress factors, by integrated pest management principles. Besides, it is a necessity to improvement and adapt alternative methods or technical to chemical control to sustainable apiculture plant productions. This study was carried out to determine extracts obtained from the Crambe oriantalis naturally grown in Ktrwhir (Turkey) locations, total phenolics, total flavonoids. antioxidant, anti fungal and bioherbicidal activity. In the study, 1.1dipheny1-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC). Ferric ions (Fe3+) reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), Copper Reduction Power Activity (CUPRAC), Total phenolic and Flavonoid analyzes of plant extracts were investigated. The antifungal activity of plant extracts was determined against Alternaria solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporm f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, Also, the bioherbicidal activities of the extracts in the Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Rumex en spas L seed germination and seedling development were also examined, As a result of the antioxidant study, it was determined that different chemical solvent extracts obtained from the plant had remarkable antioxidant activity. The total phenolic and flavonoid were determined to be limit in terms of C. orientalis. On the other hand, methanol extracts decreased mycelial growth of pathogens at different rates due to increasing doses, while the highest doses of sterile distilled water extracts inhibited 100% in vitro conditions. In the bioherbicidal study, it was determined that different plant extracts had significant herbicidal effects on A. retroflexus and R. crispus plants for germination and seedling development in vitro conditions