Modern emirati literature written by woman writers

Modern Emirati Literature written by Woman WritersThe development of prose in the United Arab Emirates occurred much later than in other Gulf Countries. The local press started to develop only at the end of the 1960s. ‘Abd Allah Saqr Ahmad was the author of a short story Qulub la tarham (Merciless Hearts) published at the end of the 1960s and the first collection of short stories in the history of Emirate literature entitled al-Khashaba (A Piece of Wood). The first literary attempts of the young generation of Emirate writers were published within the pages of the following periodicals: an-Nasr, az-Zamalik, ash- Shabab, al-Ahli. On the market appeared the journal al-Ittihad, the weekly Akhbar Dubayy and the monthly al-Majma’. The first stage of modern Emirate literature is constituted by a group of writers who started to publish their works in the years 1972–1975. Among them: ‘Ali ‘Ubayd ‘Ali, Muhammad ‘Ali al-Mirri, ‘Abd al-Aziz Khalil as well as ‘Abd al-Hamid Ahmad and Muhammad al-Murr. In the Emirates women publish their works alongside men. The most renowned names include: Shaikha Mubarak an-Nakhi, Salma Matar Yusuf, Layla Ahmad, Maryam Jam‘a Faraj or Amina ‘Abd Allah Bu Shihab. New generation is represented by: Basima Muhammad Yunis, Su‘ad al-‘Arimi, Asma’ az-Zar‘uni, Ibtisam al-Mu‘alla and Rawda al-Balushi. Their short stories concern social matters i.e. the marriage of underage girls, the lack of respect for the opinions and aspirations of the young. What is more, in those stories we notice attempts at new topics connected with the introduction of a new life style which in turn is related to the economic and financial changes caused by the discovery of crude oil

Liryka patriotyczno-narodowa we współczesnym Bahrajnie

Bahrain was and is the homeland to many eminent poets including Tarafa Ibn al-Abd – the author of the longest pre-Islamic mu’allaqa. Free verse (shir hurr) is at present popular amongst poets from Bahrain as represented by the works of Ali Abd Allah Khalifa, Alawi al-Hashimi, Qasim al-Haddad as well as poetry in prose as written by Ali ash-Sharqawi, Abd al-Hamid al-Qa’id and Yaqub al-Muharraqi. Poets of all leanings make reference to history, in particular the period in which independence was gained (1971). Although the country, as a result of the embarking on a path of liberal economics in the 1970s heralding prosperity and economic growth, is presented within its literature in a pessimistic current directed against the negative face of capitalism in its Bahraini manifestation. Literature has been subject to censorship since the 1970s as a result of the presence of a single-party political system. The above mentioned poets draw the reader to concepts such as: freedom, truth, love and justice. There is no absence in their work of references to the fatherland and involvement in national issues. They attempt to analyse the place of man in the contemporary world, his relations with others and his relationship with himself, as well as references to the nation and one’s country of origin.Bahrajn był i jest ojczyzną wielu znamienitych poetów, m.in. Tarafy Ibn al-Abda – autora najdłuższej w poezji przedmuzułmańskiej mu’allaki. Obecnie wśród poetów z Bahrajnu popularny jest wiersz wolny (szir hurr) reprezentowany przez Alego Abd Allaha Chalifę, Alawiego al-Haszimiego, Kasima al-Haddada, oraz wiersz pisany prozą (kasidat an-nasr) reprezentowany przez Alego asz-Szarkawiego, Abd al-Hamida al-Ka’ida i Jakuba al-Muharrakiego. Poeci w swojej twórczości odwołują się do historii, szczególnie okresu odzyskania niepodległości w 1971 roku. Choć kraj, dzięki wejściu na drogę ekonomicznego liberalizmu w latach 70. zapoczątkował okres prosperity i wzrostu gospodarczego państwa, w literaturze utrzymywał się pesymistyczny nurt skierowany przeciwko negatywnemu obliczu kapitalizmu w wydaniu bahrajńskim. W związku z istnieniem w latach 70. Monopartyjnego systemu rządów twórczość literacka stała się obiektem wzmożonej cenzury. W swojej twórczości wspomniani wyżej poeci zwracają uwagę na takie pojęcia jak: wolność, prawda, miłość czy sprawiedliwość. Nie brak w ich utworach odniesień do miłości ojczyzny i zaangażowania w sprawy narodowe. Starają się analizować miejsce człowieka we współczesnym mu świecie, jego relacje z innymi i stosunek do samego siebie oraz odniesienie do narodu i ojczyzny