37 research outputs found
Buffer influence on magnetic dead layer, critical current and thermal stability in magnetic tunnel junctions with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
We present a thorough research on Ta/Ru-based buffers and their influence on
features crucial from the point of view of applications of MTJs, such as
critical switching current and thermal stability. We investigate devices
consisting of buffer/FeCoB/MgO/FeCoB/Ta/Ru multilayers for three different
buffers: Ta 5 / Ru 10 / Ta 3, Ta 5 / Ru 10 / Ta 10 and Ta 5 / Ru 20 / Ta 5 (all
thicknesses in nm). In addition, we study systems with a single FeCoB layer
deposited above as well as below the MgO barrier. The crystallographic texture
and the roughness of the buffers are determined by means of XRD and atomic
force microscopy measurements. Furthermore, we examine the magnetic domain
pattern, the magnetic dead layer thickness and the perpendicular magnetic
anisotropy fields for each sample. Finally, we investigate the effect of the
current induced magnetization switching for nanopillar junctions with lateral
dimensions ranging from 1 {\mu}m down to 140 nm. Buffer Ta 5 / Ru 10 / Ta 3,
which has the thickest dead layer, exhibits a large increase in the thermal
stability factor while featuring a slightly lower critical current density
value when compared to the buffer with the thinnest dead layer Ta 5 / Ru 20 /
Ta 5
Od szkoły klasycznej do neoklasycznej w prawie karnym
Praca recenzowana / Peer-reviewed paperZebrane w tej książce artykuły i eseje oczywiście nie wyczerpują
problematyki ewolucji myśli prawnokarnej od czasów szkoły klasycznej
do neoklasycznej. Omówione w niej zostały jedynie wybrane – może
ktoś powiedzieć: dość przypadkowo – różne zagadnienia. Ale wydaje
się, że nawet to niepełne, a niechby nawet chaotyczne przedstawienie
problemów stanowić może zaczyn dyskusji – skłonić do myślenia, do
głębszej refleksji nad prawem karnym i jego instytucjami
Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 attenuates the toxicity of carbon tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is routinely used as a model compound for eliciting centrilobular hepatotoxicity. It can be bioactivated to the trichloromethyl radical, which causes extensive lipid peroxidation and ultimately cell death by necrosis. Overactivation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) can rapidly reduce the levels of (β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and adenosine triphosphate and ultimately promote necrosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether inhibition of PARP-1 could decrease CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, as measured by degree of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lipid peroxidation,and oxidative DNA damage. For this purpose, male ICR mice were administered intraperitoneally a hepatotoxic dose of CCl4 with or without 6(5H)-phenanthridinone, a potent inhibitor of PARP-1. Animals treated with CCl4 exhibited extensive poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in centrilobular hepatocytes, elevated serum levels of LDH, and increased lipid peroxidation. In contrast, animals treated concomitantly with CCl4 and 6(5H)-phenanthridinone showed significantly lower levels of poly(ADP-ribosyl) ation, serum LDH, and lipid peroxidation. No changes were observed in the levels of oxidative DNA damage regardless of treatment. These results demonstrated that the hepatotoxicity of CCl4is dependent on the overactivation of PARP-1 and that inhibition of this enzyme attenuates the hepatotoxicity of CCl4