Table_S1_161102

Table_S1_16110

Summaries of effects of SNPs in <i>ADRBs</i> and <i>PPARG</i>.

<p>A) ADRBs with energy expense-type allele found only in humans stimulate the digestion of accumulated fat in adipocytes at a higher level. A lot of generated free fatty acids (FFA) stimulate both transcription of the uncoupling protein (<i>UCP1</i>) gene and the activity of UCP1 proteins, which generate heat in mitochondria. GL: glycerol. B) PPARG activates differentiation from precursor cells into small-sized adipocytes, which secrete insulin-sensitive factors. PPARG with <i>Ala12</i> found only in humans causes reduction of transcriptional activity of PPARG and leads to protection from high-fat-diet-induced hypertrophy of adipocytes, which secrete insulin-resistant factors <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0043461#pone.0043461-Kadowaki2" target="_blank">[30]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0043461#pone.0043461-Hara1" target="_blank">[34]</a>.</p

Table_S2_161102

Table_S2_16110

Frequencies of the thrifty type amino acids in <i>ADRB2</i>, <i>ADRB3</i> and <i>PPARG</i> of non-human primates.

<p>Macaques are <i>M. mulatta</i>, <i>M. fuscata</i>, <i>M. fascicularis</i>, <i>M. nemestrina</i>, and <i>M. radiata</i>.</p>*<p>(<i>M. mulatta</i>, <i>M. fuscata</i> and <i>M. fascicularis</i>). ND:not detected.</p>**<p>Pima Indians.</p

Nucleotide sequences in <i>PPARG</i> of primates.

<p>The determined sequences of <i>G. gorilla</i> (AB669114), <i>P. pygmaeus</i> (AB669115), and <i>M. fuscata</i> (AB669116) together with the Ensembl database of human (ENSG00000132170), <i>P. troglodytes</i> (ENSPTRG00000014632) and <i>M. mulatta</i> (ENSMMUG00000007191). Underline shows the restriction site (GCGC) with <i>HhaI</i>. The restriction site region of <i>M. fascicularis</i> (AY048695) from the GenBank database was the same as in other macaques. One nucleotide of primer F was changed to create the restriction site of <i>HhaI </i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0043461#pone.0043461-Hara1" target="_blank">[34]</a>.</p

FigureS1_161219

FigureS1_16121

All hominoids had <i>Gly16</i> allele in <i>ADRB2</i>.

<p>A) Restriction map of <i>ADRB2</i> for the 16^th amino acid digested with <i>BsrD</i>I (GCAATGNN). This restriction map was predicted from the nucleotide sequences of hominoids (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0043461#pone-0043461-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>). B) RFLP patterns of PCR products of <i>ADRB2</i> for the 16^th amino acid digested with <i>BsrD</i>I in hominoids. Lane 1: PCR product of a human; not digested (200 bp). Lane 2: Fragments of human <i>Arg16/Gly16</i> (130,108 and 56 bp (22 and 14 bp fragments were undetectable)). Lane 3 to lane 6: Fragments from <i>P. troglodytes</i>, <i>G. gorilla</i>, <i>P. pygmaeus</i>, and <i>H. agilis</i>, respectively (108 and 22 bp instead of 130 bp).</p

All NHP had <i>Arg64</i> allele in <i>ADRB3</i>.

<p>A) Restriction map of <i>ADRB3</i> digested with <i>Mva</i>I for humans and NHP. B) RFLP patterns of PCR product of <i>ADRB3</i> digested with <i>Mva</i>I for humans and NHP. Lane 1: PCR products of a human; not digested (112 bp). Lane 2: fragments of the human <i>Trp64/Trp64</i> (61, 34 and 17 bp which was undetectable at this concentration.) Lane3: fragments of human <i>Arg64/Trp64</i> (95, 61, 34 and 17 bp). Lane 4 to lane 12: fragments from <i>P. troglodytes</i>, <i>G. gorilla</i>, <i>P. pygmaeus</i>, <i>H. agilis</i>, <i>M. mulatta</i>, <i>M. fuscata</i>, <i>M. fascicularis</i>, <i>M. nemestrina</i>, and <i>M. radiata</i>, respectively (95 bp instead of 61 and 34 bp).</p

Colobine functional analysis

Functional data for colobine

Colobine mutants mimicking macaque

Functional data for colobine mutants mimicking macaqu