Genotipski odgovor dve sorte soje sa smanjenim sadržajem KTI na primenu različitih količina azota

The aim of this investigation was to estimate the effects of different amounts of nitrogen on the grain yield and nutritive value in two soybean genotypes (Laura and Lana). Studied varieties belong to different maturity groups (Laura is in the group I, while Lana is in the group II) and they both have reduced content of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI). Four treatments of fertilization were tested: 0 kg N ha-1, 30 kg N ha-1, 60 kg N ha-1 and 90 kg N ha-1. Field trials were carried out in dry land farming, at location Putinci, during the years 2008 and 2009. In both research years, variety Lana had higher grain yield and oil content then variety Laura. Method of nitrogen fertilization has been proved as an effective tool for increasing of grain yield and protein content in both varieties. The results of the study showed that application of 90 kg N ha-1 increased the grain yield and protein content of soybean more than application of other treatments (0, 30 and 60 kg N ha- 1). All nitrogen fertilization levels decreased the oil content.Cilj istraživanja bio je da se odredi uticaj različite količine azota na prinos zrna i hranljivu vrednost zrna kod dva genotipa soje (Laura i Lana). Ispitivane sorte soje pripadaju različitim grupama zrenja (Laura - I i Lana - II) i imaju smanjeni sadržaj Kunitz tripsin inhibitora (KTI). Upoređivane su četiri varijante ishrane biljaka azotom: 0 kg N ha-1, 30 kg N ha-1, 60 kg N ha-1 i 90 kg N ha-1. Ogledi su izvedeni u suvom ratarenju, na lokaciji Putinci, tokom 2008. i 2009. godine. U obe godine istraživanja, sorta Lana imala je veći prinos zrna i sadržaj ulja nego sorta Laura. Ishrana azotom pokazala se kao uspešna metoda za poboljšanje prinosa zrna i sadržaja proteina kod obe sorte. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da je primena 90 kg N ha-1 povećala prinos zrna soje i sadržaj proteina u zrnu više nego primena drugih tretmana (0, 30 i 60 kg N ha-1). Svi nivoi ishrane azotom smanjili su sadržaj ulja

PERMANENT AND SOWN GRASSLANDS IN SERBIA: CURRENT STATE AND TRENDS

Number of cattle in Serbia during two decades of the 21st century shows the tendency of decreasing. The main source for sustainable livestock production in Serbia are grasslands. Permanent grasslands occupy approximately 30% of agricultural land in Serbia, thereby playing an important role in forage production and ecosystem services. The majority of natural meadows and pastures are located in hilly-mountainous regions. The general characteristics of grasslands in the central Balkans are low production and insufficient quality. The yield of permanent grasslands in Serbia is influenced very strongly by climatic conditions, type of grassland and level of organic and mineral fertilization. On areas that are not managed by mowing and fertilizing, forbs make up over half of the plant production.This paper presents some recent experiences and results in livestock feed production obtained from permanent and sown meadows and pastures in Serbia. There is survey of permanent grassland botanical composition and productivity with special emphasis on importance of preserving legume species. Also, recent trials assessed the benefits of mineral and organic fertilizers application in terms of forage production, testing whether the mineral or organic sources improves the stability of the grassland and evaluated response patterns over a large environmental gradient. Nutrient availability in permanent grasslands has a strong influence on plant species biodiversity, plant cover, and species’ dominance in the vegetation canopy. Dry matter yield is very low with high variation in crude protein content, which confirms that grasslands need to be maintained through fertilizer application, with special emphasis being given to the new role of manure enriched by zeolite. The above-stated lead to poor production potential of these grasslands for livestock production, nonetheless offering sustainable means of soil and biodiversity protection in the area

Uticaj agrotehnike na osobine semena italijanskog ljulja pri različitim dužinama skladištenja

Italian ryegrass seed crop was established in 2007 with two sowing densities (D1 = 60 cm row spacing and 5 kg ha-1 seeding rate; D2 = 20 cm row spacing and 20 kg ha-1 seeding rate) and using two spring nitrogen rates (0 and 150 kg N ha-1). Seed germination and thousand seed weight (TSW) of Italian ryegrass was observed in first production year. After harvest in June, seeds were stored under standard storage conditions and sampled 90 days after harvest (DAH), and then 2000 DAH. At 90 DAH, seeds were tested for TSW, as well as germination energy and total germination percentage at incubation temperatures of 10, 15, 20 and 25°C. Ryegrass seeds had the best germination energy 90 DAH at 20°C and maximum total germination at 15°C, which implies that early autumn (September-October) is proper sowing period for freshly harvested seeds of Italian ryegrass. Italian ryegrass seeds could maintain satisfactory germination energy (59.3%) and total germination (77.3%) up to 2000 DAH. High seed quality was obtained and applied treatments did not change seed quality significantly unlike storage period which had considerable influence on seed quality. The data can serve for the determination of a proper storage duration management between harvest and sowing of the tested species under ambient conditions of Serbia.Setva semenskog useva italijanskog ljulja obavljena je u 2007 godini u dve gustine setve (D1=60 cm međuredno i 5 kg ha-1 setvena norma; D2=20 cm međuredno i 20 kg ha-1 setvena norma) i primenom dve količine azota u prihrani (0 and 150 kg ha-1). Posmatran je klijavost i masa 1000 semena italijanskog ljulja u prvoj proizvodnoj godini. Posle junske žetve, seme je skladišteno u standardnim skladišnim uslovima i uzorkovano 90 dana posle žetve (DPŽ), a potom 2000 DPŽ. Posle 90 DPŽ seme je ispitivano na masu 1000 semena, energiju klijanja i ukupnu klijavost na temperaturama klijanja od 10, 15, 20 i 25°C. Seme ljulja je imalo najbolju životnu sposobnost 90 DPŽ na 20°C i maksimalnu ukupnu klijavost na 15°C, što sugeriše da je rana jesen (septembar-oktobar) odgovarajući period za setvu sveže požnjevenog semena italijanskog ljulja. Seme italijanskog ljulja može zadržati zadovoljavajuću energiju klijanja (59,3%) i klijavost (77,3%) i 2000 DPŽ. Dobijeno je kvalitetno seme i primenjeni tretmani pri gajenju semenskog useva nisu menjali značajno kvalitet semena, za razliku od dužine perioda skladištenja, koje je imalo značajan uticaj na kvalitet semena. Podaci mogu poslužiti za određivanje dužine perioda skladištenja semena između žetve i setve italijanskog ljulja u uslovima Srbije

Uticaj stresa usled promene pH na klijanje i porast klijanaca crvene deteline

The aim of this investigation was to estimate the effect of four pH levels of germination media (4, 5, 6 and 7) on seed germination energy (GE), germination (G), percentage of dead or infected seeds (DIS), percentage of hard seed (HS), normal (NS) and abnormal seedlings (AS), root length (RL), shoot length (ShL), seedling length (SeL), fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) of seedling, and seedling vigor index (SVI) in two red clover genotypes (cv. K-17 and cv. Kolubara). The experiment was conducted in the laboratory conditions of the Institute for Animal Husbandry in Belgrade in January 2011. The pH levels of germination media had significant effect on the NS (P lt 0.01), AS (P lt 0.01), RL (P lt 0.05), ShL (P lt 0.01), SeL (P lt 0.01), FW (P lt 0.01) and SVI (P lt 0.05). The lowest GE, G, NS, ShL, SeL, FW and SVI were found at pH 4. Also, the highest DIS, HS and AS were found at pH 4. The genotype had significant effect on HS (P lt 0.01), RL (P lt 0.01), ShL (P lt 0.01), SeL (P lt 0.01), FW (P lt 0.01) and SVI (P lt 0.01). Genotype and pH levels of germination media did not affect on GE, G, DIS and DW significantly.Cilj istraživanja bio je da se odredi uticaj različitih nivoa pH vrednosti (4, 5, 6 i 7) na energiju klijanja (EK), klijavost (K), neklijala i bolesna semena (NB), tvrda semena (TS), normalne klijance (NK), abnormalne klijance (AK), dužinu korena (DK), dužinu hipokotila (DH), ukupnu dužinu klijanca (UDK), svežu masu klijanaca (SvMK), suvu masu klijanaca (SuMK) i vigor indeks klijanaca (VIK) kod dva genotipa crvene deteline (cv. K-17 i cv. Kolubara). Ogledi su izvedeni u laboratorijskim uslovima u Institutu za stočarstvo u Beogradu, u januaru 2011. godine. pH vrednost imala je značajan uticaj na NK (P lt 0.01), NB (P lt 0.01), DK (P lt 0.05), DH (P lt 0.01), UDK (P lt 0.01), SvMK (P lt 0.01) i VIK (P lt 0.05). Najmanje vrednosti za EK, K, NK, DH, UDK, SvMK i VIK zabeležene su na pH 4. Takođe, najveća učestalost NB, TS i AK registrovana je na pH 4. Genotipovi su se značajno razlikovali za sledeće osobine: TS (P lt 0.01), DK (P lt 0.01), DH (P lt 0.01), UDK (P lt 0.01), SvMK (P lt 0.01) i VIK (P lt 0.01). Utvrđeno je da genotipovi i pH nemaju značajan uticaj na EK, K, NB i SuMK

Prinos suve materije i produkcija proteina lucerke, ježevice, livadskog vijuka, engleskog ljulja i njihovih smeša sa različitim dozama azotnog đubriva

Grass-leguminous mixtures and pure crops are important for ensuring of sufficient quantities of high quality roughage, especially in conditions of low land livestock production, in conditions of farm housing system as well as in the system of free grazing of animals. Studies were carried out on pure crops of three grass species and their mixtures with different component ratios. Fertilization using different doses of nitrogen led to considerable increase of yield of pure crops and their mixtures. The highest yields were recorded in treatment with 100 kgN ha- 1, and the lowest yield in treatment without fertilization. Fertilization led to decrease of share of alfalfa, meadow fescue and perennial ryegrass in dry matter, and increased the content of cocksfoot. The highest protein yield of pure crops was recorded for perennial ryegrass - 495.5, and in mixtures, the highest protein yield was recorded for four component mixture of alfalfa, cocksfoot, meadow fescue and perennial ryegrass of 568.0 kg ha-1. Fertilization with N increased protein yield considerably in pure crops as well as in their mixtures.Travno-leguminozne smeše kao i usevi čistih kultura su od značaja za obezbeđenje kvalitetne kabaste stočne hrane, naročito u uslovima nizijskog stočarstva, u uslovima farmskog držanja kao i pri slobodnom sistemu ispaše životinja. Istraživanja su obavljena na čistim usevima tri vrste trava i lucerke, najzastupljenije leguminoze kod nas, kao i njihovih smeša u različitom odnosu učešća pojedinih komponenti. Đubrenje različitim količinama azota dovelo je do značajnog povećanja prinosa kako čistih useva tako i njihovih smeša. Najvećim prinosima odlikuju se tretmani sa 100 kgN ha-1, a najmanjim tretmani bez đubrenja. Đubrenje je smanjilo sadržaj lucerke, livadskog vijuka i engleskog ljulja u suvoj materiji travnjaka, a povećalo sadržaj ježevice. Najvećim prinosom proteina od čistih useva odlikuje se engleski ljulj (495,5 kg ha-1), a od smeša četvorokomponentna smeša lucerke, ježevice, livadskog vijuka i engleskog ljulja (568,0 kg ha-1). Đubrenje N je značajno povećalo prinos proteina kako kod čistih useva tako i kod njihovih smeša

Uticaj telesne mase koza i laktacije po redu na porast jaradi u dojnom periodu

The paper presents results of investigation of milk yield by lactation, by order, and mother's body weight on growth rate of kids of the domestic Balkan goat. Daily weight gains of 376 single kids (168 male and 208 female), in three monthly intervals, and their final body weight at 90 days of age were established. Variability of analyzed traits was presented using descriptive statistics parameters, and differences of growth traits for weight gain of kids resulting from the effect of milk yield of female goats by order of lactation were investigated by single analysis of variance. The effect of independent variables, mothers' milk yield and body weight, on body weight of kids was tested using multiple regression analysis. During the entire suckling period, established average values for kids body weight differed significantly (P lt 0.001), increasing from the 1st toward later lactations. At 90 days of age the lowest values were established in kids from the youngest mothers (11.86 kg), while for kids of mothers in the fourth or later lactations these values were higher (13.93 kg). Coefficients of determination indicate that the variability percentage for individual growth traits of kids was in the 0.08 - 0.17 interval, indicating its significance. Both 'b' coefficients (b1 and b2) are positive and statistically highly significant, except for coefficient b2 in the analysis of body weight of kids at birth. The positive sign and high statistical significance indicate a pronounced effect of mother's milk yield and body weight on the body weight of kids up to 90 days of age.U ovom radu prikazani su rezultati ispitivanja uticaja količine mleka u laktaciji po redu, i telesne mase majke na porast jaradi domaće balkanske koze do 90 dana. U cilju ispitivanja razvoja telesne mase jaradi u zavisnosti od količine mleka u laktaciji po redu u toku dojnog perioda ukupno je izmereno 376 jaradi jedinaca (168 muških i 208 ženskih). Varijabilnost analiziranih osobina je prikazana parametrima deskriptivne statistike, dok su razlike u osobinama porasta jaradi koje su nastale pod uticajem mlečosti koza u laktaciji po redu, ispitivane jednostrukom analizom varijanse. Višestruko regresionom analizom ispitivan je uticaj nezavisno promenljivih veličina, mlečnost majke i telesna masa majke, na porast jaradi. Utvrđene vrednosti telesnih masa u toku čitavog dojnog perioda značajno su se razlikovale (P lt 0,001) i povećavale od prve ka kasnijim laktacijama, pri čemu su u uzrastu od 90 dana najmanje vrednosti utvrđene kod jaradi od najmlađih koza (11,86 kg), dok su kod jaradi čije su majke bile u četvrtoj i kasnijim laktacijama te vrednosti iznosile 13,93 kg. Koeficijenti determinacije ukazuju na to da se procenat varijabilnosti pojedinih osobina porasta jaradi nalazio u intervalu od 0,08 do 0,17, što ukazuje na njihovu značajnost. Oba 'b' koeficijenta (b1 i b2) su pozitivna i statistički visoko značajna, osim koeficijenta b2 u analizi telesne mase jaradi pri rođenju. Pozitivni predznak i visoka statistička značajnost ukazuju na izražen uticaj mlečnosti i telesne mase majki na porast jaradi do 90 dana

Efekat folijarne ishrane na prinos zrna soje

The aim of this investigation was to estimate the effects of foliar fertilization on quantitative traits (plant height, first pod height, number of nodes per plant, number of pods per plant, number of grain per plant, grain yield per plant, 1000-grain weight and grain yield) in two soybean cultivars (Balkan and Bečejka). Studied cultivars belong to different maturity groups (Balkan - I and Bečejka - 0). Four treatments of fertilization were tested: control (no fertilization), Urea (46 kg N ha-1), Urea (46 kg N ha-1) + Wuxal super (5 l ha-1) and Urea (46 kg N ha-1) + Ferticare I (5 kg ha-1). Wuxal super and Ferticare I were foliar applied two times at the R2-R3 growth stage. The field experiments were carried out in dry land farming in the region of Vojvodina province at location Putinci (45° 00' N Lat., 19° 58' E Long.), during the years 2007 and 2008. In both research years, Balkan had higher values for all investigated traits than Bečejka. Results showed that foliar fertilizers significantly increased the values for all quantitative traits. Ferticare I is more effective than Wuxal super in soybean because this fertilizer has higher concentration of macronutrients. Foliar fertilization of soybean reduced the negative impact of small amounts of rainfall during the summer months on grain yield.Cilj istraživanja je bio da se oceni efekat folijarne ishrane na kvantitativne osobine (visina biljke, visine prve mahune, broj nodusa po biljci, broj mahuna po biljci, broj zrna po biljci, prinos zrna po biljci, masa 1000 zrna i prinos zrna) dve sorte soje (Balkan i Bečejka). Ispitivane sorte pripadaju različitim grupama zrenja (Balkan - I, Bečejka - 0). Upoređivane su četiri tretmana ishrane biljaka: kontrola, Urea (46 kg N ha-1), Urea (46 kg N ha-1) + Wuxal super (5 l ha-1) i Urea (100 kg ha- 1) + Ferticare I (5 kg ha-1). Wuxal super i Ferticare I primenjeni su folijarno u R2- R3 fazi rastenja i razvića soje. Ogledi su izvedeni u suvom ratarenju u Vojvodini na lokaciji Putinci (45° 00' SGŠ, 19° 58' IGD) tokom 2007. i 2008. godine. U obe godine istraživanja sorta Balkan je imala veće vrednosti za sve ispitivane osobine nego Bečejka. Rezultati su pokazali da je folijarna ishrana značajno povećala vrednosti svih ispitivanih kvantitativnih osobina. Viši prinosi postignuti su primenom Ferticare I nego primenom Wuxal super jer sadrži veću koncentraciju makroelemenata. Folijarno prihranjivanje soje umanjilo je negativan uticaj malih količina padavina tokom letnjih meseci na prinos zrna

Fusarium infekcija i deoksinivalenol kontaminacija ozime pšenice

In this paper, the incidence of Fusarium-infected grain of winter wheat and the content of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) was studied in two Serbian cultivars Simonida and NS40S, both harvested in 2014. The level of Fusarium contamination of wheat grain was determined using phytopathological techniques based on the standard methodology while DON was detected by enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). The incidence of Fusarium-infected grain ranged from 12 to 19% for Simonida and NS40S, respectively. Fusarium graminearum, as well-known producer of DON mycotoxin, was identified among Fusarium species. In addition, Alternaria spp. was isolated in high percentage, with an average incidence of 53% (Simonida) to 63% (NS40S).The average content of DON ranged from 424 μg kg-1 to 1101 μg kg-1 for Simonida and NS40S cultivars, respectively. Statistically insignificant negative correlation (r = - 0.18) was determined between Fusariuminfected grain and DON in the cultivar Simonida and statistically insignificant positive correlation (r = 0.11) in the cultivar NS40S. The mean levels of DON in studied wheat samples of both tested cultivars were not higher than the maximum permitted limit (1250 μg kg-1) although the level of Fusarium-infected grain of both cultivars was relatively high. These results indicate that both wheat cultivars are susceptible to Fusarium infection and DON mycotoxin production in agro-ecological conditions of Serbia, but the cultivar NS40S being more susceptible compared to cultivar Simonida. In view of all stated above, regular health check of grains and developing strategies for integrated monitoring of incidence of Fusarium head blight are necessary preventive measures in protection of winter wheat.U radu je proučavana incidenca Fusarium-zaraženih zrna ozime pšenice iz žetve 2014. godine kod dve domaće komercijalne sorte Simonida i NS40S, kao i sadržaj mikotoksina deoksinivalenola (DON). Nivo fuzariozne kontaminacije zrna pšenice određen je primenom fitopatoloških testova standardne metodologije a DON je detektovan primenom imunoadsorpcione enzimske metode (ELISA). Incidenca Fusarium-zaraženih zrna bila je u proseku za sve ispitivane uzorke od 12% (Simonida) do 19% (NS40S). Od Fusarium vrsta identifikovana je jedino Fusarium graminearum, kao dobro poznati producent DON mikotoksina. Pored ove gljivične vrste, u visokom procentu izolovana je Alternaria spp. sa prosečnom incidencom od 53% (Simonida) do 63% (NS40S). U ispitivanim uzorcima pšenice prosečan sadržaj DON bio je od 424 μg kg-1 (Simonida) do 1101 μg kg-1 (NS40S). Između Fusarium-zaraženih zrna i DON utvrđena je statistički neznačajna negativna korelacija (r = - 0.18) kod sorte Simonida i statistički neznačajna pozitivna korelacija (r = 0.11) kod sorte NS40S. Prosečne koncentracije DON u ispitivanim uzorcima pšenice kod obe ispitivane sorte nisu bile iznad maksimalno dozvoljenog limita iako je nivo fuzariozne kontaminacije zrna obe ispitivane sorte bio visok. Ovi rezultati ukazuju da su obe ispitivane sorte pšenice osetljive prema fuzarioznoj infekciji i produkciji DON mikotoksina u agroekološkim uslovima Srbije, s tim što je sorta NS40S osetljivija u odnosu na sortu Simonida. Zbog svega navedenog, redovna zdravstvena kontrola zrna i razvijanje strategije integralnog monitoringa fuzarioze klasa neophodne su preventivne mere borbe u zaštiti pšenice

Plesni i mikotoksini u uskladištenom kukuruzu

In this study the presence of moulds and mycotoxins in samples of stored maize grains in the period from October 2011 to September 2012 was investigated. Mycological analyses of whole and broken grains showed the presence of species from the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus and others. Among the Aspergillus and Fusarium genera as potentially toxigenic fungi, Aspergillus flavus was identified with the highest percentage on broken grains (20.38%) whereas F. verticilioides was the predominant species in the whole maize grains (34.04%). In addition, it was obtained that tested samples of stored maize grains were 100% positive with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZON), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) with an average concentration of 1.39 μg kg-1, 71.79 μg kg-1, 128.17 μg kg-1, and 1610.83 μg kg-1, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between the moisture content and the presence of Fusarium spp. on the broken grains (r = 0.44) and between the moisture content and the concentration of DON (r = 0.61). However, a significant negative correlation was found between moisture content and FB1 (r = -0.34), and between the concentration of ZON and DON mycotoxins (r = -0.58).U radu je ispitivano prisustvo plesni i mikotoksina u uzorcima zrna uskladištenog kukuruza u periodu od oktobra 2011. do septembra 2012. godine. Mikološkim analizama celog i slomljenog zrna kukuruza ustanovljeno je prisustvo vrsta iz rodova Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus i drugih. Od potencijalno toksigenih vrsta iz rodova Aspergillus i Fusarium, identifikovane su u najvećem procentu A. flavus na slomljenom (20,38%) i F. verticillioides na celom zrnu kukuruza (34,04%). Ispitivani uzorci uskladištenog kukuruza bili su 100% pozitivni sa aflatoksinom B1 (AFB1), zearalenonom (ZON), deoksinivalenolom (DON) i fumonizinom B1 (FB1) sa prosečnim koncentracijama 1,39 μg kg-1, 71,79 μg kg-1, 128,17 μg kg-1 i 1610,83 μg kg-1, respektivno. Statistički značajna pozitivna korelacija ustanovljena je između sadržaja vlage i prisustva Fusarium spp. na slomljenom zrnu kukuruza (r = 0,44), kao i između sadržaja vlage i koncentracije DON (r = 0,61). Statistički značajna negativna korelacija ustanovljena je između sadržaja vlage i FB1 (r = -0,34), kao i između koncentracija ZON i DON mikotoksina (r = -0,58)

Celiac disease-specific and inflammatory bowel disease-related antibodies in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis

The etiology of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) remains unknown. RAS can be presented as primary, idiopathic condition and as a secondary RAS, which is associated with a systemic disease. The aim of our study was to evaluate the presence and concentrations of antibodies specific for celiac disease (CeD) and antibodies related to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in patients with RAS without gastrointestinal symptoms. Antibodies against tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG), deaminated gliadin peptides (DGP), deaminated gliadinanalogous fragments (anti-GAF-3X) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ASCA) were determined by ELISA and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) by indirect immunoflurescence (IIF) in 57 patients with RAS and 60 control subjects. The prevalence of CeD specific antibodies did not differ between RAS patients and controls. However, the concentrations of IgA anti-tTG, IgA anti-GAF-3X antibodies in patients with RAS were significantly higher compared to controls (p = 0.002 and p = 0.04 respectively). Histological changes consistent with CeD were confirmed by duodenal biopsy in one RAS patient with highly positive IgA anti-tTG, anti-GAF-3X and anti-DGP antibodies. Higher prevalence along with higher concentrations of IgG ASCA were found in RAS patients compared to controls (p lt 0.01). Patients with positive IgG ASCA in the absence of clinical symptoms decided not to pursue any further testing. Dysfunction of oral mucosa and the exposure to various antigens might be a reason for the loss of tolerance resulting in increased production of autoantibodies. It seems likely that antibodies are markers of aberrant immune response, rather than key effectors involved in the pathogenesis of the disease