Gallic acid-loaded microemulsion and microemulsion gel: Development, characterization, and evaluation of antioxidant effectiveness

128-135In this study, it was aimed to develop, characterize, and improve the antioxidant activity of gallic acid (GA) by formulating it into microemulsion (ME) and microemulsion gel (MEg). Blank MEs were prepared using different proportions of oil/water/surfactant, which provide stable and transparent ME production. Their droplet sizes, zeta potentials and stabilities after holding, centrifugation, and freeze-thawing processes were determined. F2 and F5 coded MEs were selected among the blank MEs and GA was loaded into these formulations. Besides the characterization studies, pH and viscosity measurement, in vitro release, cytotoxicity test, cell permeation, and antioxidant activity studies were performed. In vitro released amount of GA was enhanced by formulating it into ME and MEg at the end of six hours and it showed a scavenging effect of DPPH● and ABTS●+ radicals. In conclusion, increased efficacy, reduced toxicity, and prolonged antioxidant activity have been achieved with the use of new, non-toxic, and stable ME and MEg loaded with GA and it is thought that these formulations create the potential for topical application

Gallic acid-loaded microemulsion and microemulsion gel: Development, characterization, and evaluation of antioxidant effectiveness

In this study, it was aimed to develop, characterize, and improve the antioxidant activity of gallic acid (GA) by formulating it into microemulsion (ME) and microemulsion gel (MEg). Blank MEs were prepared using different proportions of oil/water/surfactant, which provide stable and transparent ME production. Their droplet sizes, zeta potentials and stabilities after holding, centrifugation, and freeze-thawing processes were determined. F2 and F5 coded MEs were selected among the blank MEs and GA was loaded into these formulations. Besides the characterization studies, pH and viscosity measurement, in vitro release, cytotoxicity test, cell permeation, and antioxidant activity studies were performed. In vitro released amount of GA was enhanced by formulating it into ME and MEg at the end of six hours and it showed a scavenging effect of DPPH● and ABTS●+ radicals. In conclusion, increased efficacy, reduced toxicity, and prolonged antioxidant activity have been achieved with the use of new, non-toxic, and stable ME and MEg loaded with GA and it is thought that these formulations create the potential for topical application

Fibers, Beads and Beaded-fibers: Controlling the Morphology of Electrospun Mats for Different Concentrations of Poly(ethylene oxide) using Electrospinning

This study focus on the production of fibers, beads and beaded-fibers from aqueous solutions ofdifferent concentrations of Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) via electrospinning. Effect of PEOconcentration (3-5%) on the viscosity of the polymer solution and the morphology of electrospunmats (bead area%, fiber area%, bead to fiber ratio, average length and width of beads, number ofbeads, aspect ratio of beads, average diameter of fibers) were investigated.The increase in PEO concentration caused an increase in the viscosity of the polymer solution. As thePEO concentration increased, mainly fibers were formed, while the probability of bead formatondecreased. The obtained beads were also more elliptical. A critical high polymerconcentration/viscosity is required to form fibers. Below the critical concentration, the number ofbeads increases, while the size of beads decreases and more elliptical beads are formed.In conclusion, the percentage of fiber area, the length and width of the beads, and the average diameterof the fibers increase with increasing polymer concentration, while the precentage of bead area, thebead/fiber ratio, and the number of beads per micrometer decrease.As a result, it was found that PEO concentration and viscosity are parameters that significantly affectthe formation and size of fibers/beads/beaded fibers and their proportions and areas in mats. The&nbsp;morphology of the produced beads and/or fibers can be modified by changing the polymerconcentration and thus the solution viscosity.&nbsp;</p

Electrospinning of ampicillin trihydrate loaded electrospun PLA nanofibers I: effect of polymer concentration and PCL addition on its morphology, drug delivery and mechanical properties

It was aimed to produce ampicillin trihydrate loaded electrospun PLA and PLA/PCL nanofibers using HFIP as solvent. The effect of PLA concentration (7.5-12.5%), PCL addition and added PCL amount (20-80%) on the nanofibers properties were investigated. The increase in PLA concentration caused an increase in nanofiber diameter and a decrease in mechanical properties. PLA nanofibers have shown biphasic controlled drug release up to 10 days, while PCL nanofiber caused only a rapid burst effect. As a result, PLA concentration and the amount of added PCL affected the average nanofiber diameter, in vitro drug release and mechanical properties of the obtained electrospun nanofibers